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the question of where to live

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1 question

question

A n

1 ( request for information) question f (about sur) ; ( in exam) question f ; to ask sb a question poser une question à qn ; answer the question about where you were last night répondez à la question: où étiez-vous la nuit dernière? ; in reply to a question from Mr John Molloy en réponse à une question posée par M. John Molloy ; to ask a question poser une question ; to put a question to sb poser une question à qn ; to reply to ou to answer a question répondre à une question ; to reply to sb's question répondre à la question de qn ; to do sth without question faire qch sans poser de question ; what a question! en voilà une question! ; it's an open question as to whether he was innocent la question reste posée de savoir s'il était innocent ; a question from the floor ( in parliament) une question provenant de l'assemblée ; to put down a question for sb GB Pol poser une interpellation à qn ;

2 ( practical issue) problème m ; ( ethical issue) question f ; the Hong Kong/Palestinian question la question de Hong-Kong/palestinienne ; the question of pollution/of military spending le problème de la pollution/des dépenses militaires ; it's a question of doing il s'agit de faire ; the question of animal rights la question des droits des animaux ; the question of how to protect the hostages le problème de la protection des otages ; the question of where to live/of what families want le problème de savoir où habiter/de savoir ce que veulent les familles ; the question of whether ou as to whether they can do better la question de savoir s'ils peuvent faire mieux ; the question for him now is how to react la question pour lui est de savoir comment réagir ; the question arises as to who is going to pay the bill la question se pose, à savoir qui va payer la note ; the question raised is one of justice il s'agit ici de justice ; that's another question c'est une autre affaire ; the question is whether/when il s'agit ici de savoir si/quand ; there was never any question of you paying il n'a jamais été question que tu paies ; the money/person in question l'argent/la personne en question ; it's out of the question il est hors de question ; it's out of the question for him to leave il est hors de question qu'il parte ;

3 ( uncertainty) doute m ; to call ou bring sth into question mettre qch en doute ; to prove beyond question that prouver sans l'ombre d'un doute que ; it's open to question cela se discute ; whether we have succeeded is open to question qu'on ait réussi ou pas, cela se discute ; his honesty was never in question on n'a jamais douté de son honnêteté.

B vtr

1 ( interrogate) questionner [suspect, politician] ; to question sb about sth questionner qn à propos de qch ; to question sb closely interroger qn minutieusement ;

2 ( cast doubt upon) ( on one occasion) mettre en doute [tactics, methods] ; ( over longer period) douter de [tactics, methods] ; to question whether douter que (+ subj) ; he questioned the use of arms against the people il a mis en doute l'utilisation des armes contre le peuple.

Big English-French dictionary > question
2 question

question [ˈkwest∫ən]

1. noun

   a. question f

• to ask sb a question poser une question à qn

   b. ( = doubt) there is no question about it cela ne fait aucun doute

• there's no question that this is better une chose est sûre, c'est mieux

• to accept without question accepter sans poser de questions

• she is without question one of the greatest writers of her generation elle est sans conteste l'un des plus grands écrivains de sa génération

► to call sth into question remettre qch en question

   c. ( = matter, subject) question f

• that's not the question là n'est pas la question

• that's another question altogether ça c'est une tout autre affaire

• it's a question of price c'est une question de prix

• there's no question of closing the shop il n'est pas question de fermer le magasin

• it's all a question of what you want to do eventually tout dépend de ce que tu veux faire en fin de compte

► in question en question

► out of the question hors de question

• that is out of the question il n'en est pas question

2. transitive verb

   a. [+ person] interroger

   b. [+ motive, account, sb's honesty] remettre en question

3. compounds

► question mark noun point m d'interrogation

• there is a question mark over whether he meant to do it on ne sait pas au juste s'il avait l'intention de le faire

• a big question mark hangs over his future l'incertitude plane sur son avenir

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

‼|/b] [b]to question in the sense of to interrogate is translated interroger.

* * *
['kwestʃən] 1.
noun

1) ( request for information) question f ( about sur); ( in exam) question f

to ask somebody a question — poser une question à quelqu'un

in reply to a question from Mr John Molloy — en réponse à une question posée par M. John Molloy

to do something without question — faire quelque chose sans poser de question

what a question! — en voilà une question!

a question from the floor — ( in parliament) une question provenant de l'assemblée

2) ( practical issue) problème m; ( ethical issue) question f

the Palestinian question — la question palestinienne

the question of pollution — le problème de la pollution

it's a question of doing — il s'agit de faire

the question of where to live — le problème de savoir où habiter

the question arises as to who is going to pay the bill — la question se pose, à savoir qui va payer la note

that's another question — c'est une autre affaire

the question is whether — il s'agit ici de savoir si

there was never any question of you paying — il n'a jamais été question que tu paies

the person in question — la personne en question

it's out of the question for him to leave — il est hors de question qu'il parte

3) ( uncertainty) doute m

to call something into question — mettre quelque chose en doute

to prove beyond question that — prouver sans l'ombre d'un doute que

it's open to question — cela se discute

his honesty was never in question — on n'a jamais douté de son honnêteté
2.
transitive verb

1) ( interrogate) questionner [suspect, politician]

2) ( cast doubt upon) ( on one occasion) mettre en doute [tactics, methods]; ( over longer period) douter de [tactics, methods]

to question whether — douter que (+ subj)

English-French dictionary > question
3 ♦ live

♦ live /laɪv/
A a. attr.

1 vivo; vivente; vitale; energico; ardente; acceso: a live lobster, un'aragosta viva; ( pesca) live bait, esca viva; a live colour, un colore vivo (o acceso); to make the question a live issue, tener viva la questione; live fire, fuoco vivo; live coals, carboni ardenti; a live cigarette, una sigaretta accesa; live air, aria viva ( fresca e pura)

2 (mil.) carico; inesploso: a live shell, un proiettile inesploso; a live gun, un fucile (o un revolver) carico

3 non utilizzato; ancora buono: a live match, un fiammifero non utilizzato

4 (elettr.) sotto tensione

5 (mecc.: di motore, asse, ruote, ecc.) che sviluppa (o trasmette) energia

6 ( radio, TV) in collegamento diretto; in diretta; dal vivo: live TV coverage, servizio in diretta; a live concert, un concerto dal vivo

7 ( sport: della palla) in gioco

8 (scherz., = real live) vivo e parlante; in carne e ossa; vero e proprio: a real live martian, un marziano in carne e ossa; a real live steam engine, una macchina a vapore vera ( non un giocattolo)

9 (fis. nucl.) attivo

B avv.

( radio, TV) dal vivo; in diretta

● (naut., mil.) live ammunition, munizionamento da guerra □ ( radio, TV) live audience, pubblico di una trasmissione in diretta □ (autom., mecc.) live axle, asse motore; motoassale; ponte (posteriore) rigido □ live-born, nato vivo □ a live-born child, un nato vivo □ a live cartridge, una cartuccia piena □ (mecc.) live centre, contropunta girevole ( di tornio, ecc.) □ live food, animali vivi usati come cibo per altri animali ( per serpenti, ecc.) □ live load, (edil.) carico accidentale, carico di traffico; (trasp.) carico utile ( d'un autobus, ecc.) □ (bot.) live oak ( Quercus virginiana), quercia della Virginia □ a live question, un problema di attualità □ (ferr.) live rail, terza rotaia □ (mecc.) live wheels, ruote motrici □ live wire, (elettr.) filo sotto tensione, filo caldo; (fig.) persona attiva (o energica, vigorosa) □ live yoghurt, yoghurt che contiene fermenti vivi.
♦ (to) live /lɪv/
A v. i.

1 vivere; essere in vita; essere vivo; campare; esistere: to live to be a hundred, vivere (o campare) fino a cent'anni; They found him still living, lo hanno trovato ancora in vita; to live in fear, vivere nella paura

2 vivere; sopravvivere: The doctors don't think that the patient will live, i dottori non credono che il malato vivrà

3 vivere; abitare; stare: to live apart, vivere separati; to live locally, abitare nelle vicinanze; to live at home, vivere con i genitori; to live by oneself (o on one's own) vivere da solo; to live by the sea, abitare vicino al mare; They live in Rome, abitano (o stanno) a Roma; to live in the country, vivere (o abitare) in campagna; They live above the shop, abitano sopra il negozio; DIALOGO → - Accommodation- Where are you living?, dove vivi?

4 vivere una vita piena; godersi la vita; divertirsi: It's high time I started living, è ora che io cominci a godermi la vita

5 (fig., di un ricordo, ecc.) essere vivido; essere vivo; perdurare: The episode still lives in my memory, l'episodio è ancora vivo nella mia memoria

6 (fig., di una cosa) durare; resistere; salvarsi ( dalla distruzione)

7 (scherz., di un oggetto) essere; stare: Where does the screwdriver live?, dove sta il cacciavite?; dove tieni il cacciavite?

B v. t.

vivere, fare ( una vita): to live a peaceful life, vivere una vita tranquilla; to live a life of ease, far vita comoda

● (fam.) to live and breathe st., vivere solo per qc. □ to live one day at a time, vivere giorno per giorno (o alla giornata) □ to live a double life, avere una doppia vita □ to live a lie, vivere nella menzogna □ to live above (o beyond) one's means, vivere al di sopra dei propri mezzi □ to live for the day when…, non vedere l'ora che… □ to live from day to day, vivere alla giornata ( senza un futuro) □ to live from hand to mouth, vivere miseramente; vivere alla giornata □ to live high, wide and handsome, vivere da gran signore; spendere e spandere □ (fam.) to live in a fool's paradise, vivere in un paradiso artificiale (o nel mondo della luna); chiudere gli occhi alla realtà □ to live in a goldfish bowl, vivere in una casa di vetro (fig.); non avere una vita privata □ to live in hope, continuare a sperare; mantener viva la speranza □ (fam.) to live it up, darsi alla bella vita; divertirsi spendendo e spandendo □ to live like fighting cocks, fare vita da pascià (o da nababbo) □ to live like a lord, vivere da gran signore (o da nababbo, da pascià) □ to live like a saint, vivere santamente □ (antiq. o scherz.) to live in sin, vivere nel peccato; (fam.) convivere; vivere more uxorio □ to live to fight another day, sopravvivere; scamparla □ to live to oneself, vivere per conto proprio; far vita a sé; fare vita ritirata □ to live to tell the tale, uscirne vivo; scamparla; poterla raccontare □ ( nelle fiabe) and they lived happily everafter, e vissero felici e contenti □ (prov.) Live and let live!, vivi e lascia vivere! □ Now we're really living!, questa sì che è vita! □ (fam. USA) I should live so long!, magari!; fosse vero! □ (fam. USA) where one lives, nel punto vitale; nel punto debole □ You live and learn!, non si finisce mai di imparare!

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ live
4 where

where [weə(r)]

où ⇒ 1 (a), 2 (a), 3 (a) là où ⇒ 2 (a)-(d) là que ⇒ 2 (b) quand ⇒ 2 (c) alors que ⇒ 2 (d)

1 adverb

(a) (at, in, to what place) où;

∎ where is the restaurant? où est le restaurant?;

∎ where are we going? où allons-nous?;

∎ where are you from? d'où est-ce que vous venez?, d'où êtes-vous?;

∎ where did you put them? où les avez-vous mis?;

∎ where is the entrance? où est l'entrée?;

∎ the school is near where? l'école est près d'où?;

∎ where does this road lead? où va cette route?

(b) (at what stage, position)

∎ where are you in your work/in the book? où en êtes-vous dans votre travail/dans votre lecture?;

∎ where were we? où en étions-nous?;

∎ where do you stand on this issue? quelle est votre position ou opinion sur cette question?;

∎ where do you stand with the boss? quels sont vos rapports avec le patron?;

∎ where do I come into it? qu'est-ce que j'ai à faire là-dedans, moi?;

∎ where would I be without you? que serais-je devenu sans toi?

2 conjunction

(a) (the place at or in which) (là) où;

∎ it rains a lot where we live il pleut beaucoup là où nous habitons;

∎ she told me where to go (gave me directions) elle m'a dit où (il fallait) aller; (was rude) elle m'a envoyé promener;

∎ there is a factory where I used to go to school il y a une usine là où ou à l'endroit où j'allais autrefois à l'école;

∎ how did you know where to find me? comment avez-vous su où me trouver?;

∎ I wonder where my keys are je me demande où sont mes clés;

∎ you'll find your key where you left it tu trouveras ta clé (là) où tu l'as laissée;

∎ sit where you like asseyez-vous où vous voulez ou voudrez;

∎ turn left where the two roads meet tournez à gauche au croisement;

∎ where the Doubs meets the Saône au confluent du Doubs et de la Saône;

∎ figurative I just don't know where to begin je ne sais vraiment pas par où commencer

(b) (the place that) là que, là où;

∎ this is where I work c'est là que je travaille;

∎ so that's where I left my coat! voilà où j'ai laissé mon manteau!;

∎ he showed me where the students live il m'a montré l'endroit où habitent les étudiants;

∎ this is where we get off the bus c'est là que nous descendons;

∎ the child ran up to where her mother was sitting l'enfant a couru jusqu'à l'endroit où sa mère était assise;

∎ we can't see well from where we're sitting nous ne voyons pas bien d'où ou de là où nous sommes assis;

∎ figurative I see where I went wrong je vois où je me suis trompé;

∎ that's where she's mistaken c'est là qu'elle se trompe, voilà son erreur;

∎ this is where you have to make up your mind là, il faut que tu te décides

(c) (whenever, wherever) quand, là où;

∎ the judge is uncompromising where drugs are concerned le juge est intraitable lorsqu'il ou quand il s'agit de drogue;

∎ the situation is hopeless where defence is concerned pour la défense, la situation est sans espoir;

∎ he can't be objective where she's concerned il ne peut pas être objectif lorsqu'il s'agit d'elle;

∎ Mathematics where x equals y où x égale y;

∎ where possible là où ou quand c'est possible;

∎ delete where inapplicable (on form) rayer les mentions inutiles;

∎ proverb where there's life, there's hope tant qu'il y a de la vie, il y a de l'espoir

(d) (whereas, while) là où, alors que;

∎ where others see a horrid brat, I see a shy little boy là où les autres voient un affreux moutard, je vois un petit garçon timide

3 relative pronoun

(a) (in which, at which) où;

∎ the place where we went on holiday l'endroit où nous sommes allés en vacances;

∎ the room where he was working la pièce où ou dans laquelle il travaillait;

∎ the table where they were sitting la table où ou à laquelle ils étaient assis;

∎ it was the kind of restaurant where tourists go c'était le genre de restaurant que fréquentent les touristes;

∎ figurative I'm at the part where they discover the murder j'en suis au moment où ils découvrent le meurtre;

∎ it's reached a stage where I'm finding it difficult to work ça en est au point où travailler me devient pénible

(b) (in or at which place)

∎ Boston, where I was born Boston, où je suis né, Boston, ma ville natale;

∎ they went to Paris, where they stayed a week ils sont allés à Paris et y sont restés huit jours;

∎ sign at the bottom, where I've put a cross signez en bas, là où j'ai mis une croix

4 noun

∎ they discussed the where and how of his accident ils ont parlé en détail des circonstances de son accident;

∎ the where and the when le lieu et la date/l'heure;

∎ you can find that any old where vous pouvez trouver cela n'importe où

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > where
5 where

where¹ adv dónde / adónde

where are you going for your holidays? ¿dónde vas de vacaciones?

he told me where the treasure is me dijo dónde está el tesoro

where² conj donde / en que

the town where I live la ciudad donde vivo

where

tr[weə^SMALLr/SMALL]

adverb

1 (direct question - place) dónde; (- direction) adónde

■ where is it? ¿dónde está?

■ where did you go? ¿adónde fuiste?

■ where does she live? ¿dónde vive?

■ where are you from ¿de dónde eres?

2 (indirect question) dónde, adónde

■ tell me where it is dime dónde está

3 (at, in or which) donde, en que; (to which) adonde, a donde

■ this is where it all happened es aquí donde pasó todo

conjunction

1 donde

■ where I come from we don't do that de donde soy yo eso no se hace

■ that's where you're mistaken ahí es donde te equivocas

2 (when) cuando

■ where possible cuando sea posible

where ['hwɛr] adv

: dónde, adónde

where is he?: ¿dónde está?

where did they go?: ¿adónde fueron?

where conj

: donde, adonde

she knows where the house is: sabe donde está la casa

she goes where she likes: va adonde quiera

where pron

: donde

Chicago is where I live: Chicago es donde vivo

where

adv.

• adonde adv.

• adónde adv.

• donde adv.

• dónde adv.

• en dónde adv.

conj.

• adónde conj.

• donde conj.

• dónde conj.

• en dónde conj.

I hwer, weə(r)
adverb

1) dónde; ( indicating direction) adónde, dónde

where's Lewes? — ¿dónde está or queda Lewes?

where are you taking me? — ¿(a)dónde me llevan?

where are you from? — ¿de dónde eres?

put the scissors back where they belong — vuelve a poner la tijera en su sitio

that's where you're mistaken — en eso estás equivocado

where it's at — (colloq)

Aspen's OK for skiing, but Hartlepool is really where it's at — Aspen no está mal para esquiar, pero adonde hay que ir es a Hartlepool

2) ( as relative) donde

the house where she was born — la casa donde nació

II

conjunction

a) donde; ( indicating direction) adonde, donde

you won't be needing any money where you're going — adonde vas no te hará falta dinero

b) ( in cases where) cuando

where her private life is concerned... — cuando se trata de su vida privada...

where appropriate — cuando or allí donde sea apropiado

c) ( contrasting) cuando

where others would lose heart, she remains optimistic — cuando otros perderían el ánimo, ella permanece optimista

[wɛǝ(r)]
1. ADVERB

1) (in direct and indirect questions, reported speech)

Where in direct questions as well as after report verbs and expressions of (un)certainty and doubt (e.g. no sé) usually translates as dónde (with an accent), sometimes preceded by a preposition: dónde
where am I? — ¿dónde estoy?

where are you going (to)? — ¿a dónde or adónde vas?, ¿dónde vas?

where have you come from? — ¿de dónde has venido?

where can I have put my keys (down)? — ¿dónde or en dónde puedo haber puesto las llaves?

where should we be if...? — ¿a dónde or adónde habríamos ido a parar si...?

where did we go wrong? — ¿en qué nos equivocamos?

can you tell me where there's a chemist's? — ¿puede decirme dónde hay una farmacia?

I don't know where she lives — no sé dónde vive

2) (in other statements)

a) (=the place that)

Where in other statements is usually translated as donde (without an accent), again often preceded by a preposition: donde
there's a telephone box near where I live — hay una cabina cerca de donde vivo

this is where we found it — aquí es donde lo encontramos

that's where we got to in the last lesson — hasta aquí llegamos en la última clase

that's just where you're wrong! — ¡en eso te equivocas!, ¡ahí es donde te equivocas!

that's where I disagree with you — en eso no estoy de acuerdo contigo, ahí es donde no estoy de acuerdo contigo

where this book is dangerous is in suggesting that... — el aspecto peligroso de este libro es la sugerencia de que...

b) (after noun) donde

this is the hotel where we stayed — este es el hotel donde or en el que estuvimos

the beach where we picnicked — la playa donde or a la que or adonde fuimos de picnic

we went to visit the house where Diego was born — fuimos a visitar la casa (en) donde nació Diego

2. CONJUNCTION

1) (=if)

where husband and wife both work, benefits are... — en el caso de que los dos esposos trabajen, los beneficios son...

where possible — en lo posible

2) (=whereas) mientras que, cuando

sometimes a teacher will be listened to where a parent might not — a veces a un maestro se le hace caso, mientras que or cuando a un padre tal vez no

* * *

I [hwer, weə(r)]
adverb

1) dónde; ( indicating direction) adónde, dónde

where's Lewes? — ¿dónde está or queda Lewes?

where are you taking me? — ¿(a)dónde me llevan?

where are you from? — ¿de dónde eres?

put the scissors back where they belong — vuelve a poner la tijera en su sitio

that's where you're mistaken — en eso estás equivocado

where it's at — (colloq)

Aspen's OK for skiing, but Hartlepool is really where it's at — Aspen no está mal para esquiar, pero adonde hay que ir es a Hartlepool

2) ( as relative) donde

the house where she was born — la casa donde nació

II

conjunction

a) donde; ( indicating direction) adonde, donde

you won't be needing any money where you're going — adonde vas no te hará falta dinero

b) ( in cases where) cuando

where her private life is concerned... — cuando se trata de su vida privada...

where appropriate — cuando or allí donde sea apropiado

c) ( contrasting) cuando

where others would lose heart, she remains optimistic — cuando otros perderían el ánimo, ella permanece optimista

English-spanish dictionary > where
6 live

I 1. adjective
1) attrib. (alive) lebend

2) (Radio, Telev.)

live performance — Live-Aufführung, die

live broadcast — Live-Sendung, die; Direktübertragung, die

3) (topical) aktuell [Thema, Frage]

4) (Electr.) Strom führend

5) (unexploded) scharf [Munition usw.]

6) (glowing) glühend [Kohle]

7) (joc.): (actual)

real live — richtig
2. adverb
(Radio, Telev.) live [übertragen usw.]
II 1. intransitive verb
1) leben

live and let live — leben und leben lassen

live by something — von etwas leben

you'll live — (iron.) du wirst's [schon] überleben (iron.)

as long as I live I shall never... — mein Leben lang werde ich nicht...

live to see — [mit]erleben

she will live to regret it — sie wird es noch bereuen

you live and learn — man lernt nie aus

live through something — etwas durchmachen (ugs.); (survive) etwas überleben

live to a ripe old age/to be a hundred — ein hohes Alter erreichen/hundert Jahre alt werden

long live the queen! — lang lebe die Königin!

2) (make permanent home) wohnen; leben

live together — zusammenleben

live with somebody — mit jemandem zusammenleben

live with something — (lit. or fig.) mit etwas leben
2. transitive verb
leben

live it up — das Leben in vollen Zügen genießen; (have a good time) einen draufmachen (ugs.)

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/43363/live_down">live down

- live in

- live on

- live out

- live up to

* * *
I 1. [liv] verb
1) (to have life; to be alive: This poison is dangerous to everything that lives.) leben

2) (to survive: The doctors say he is very ill, but they think he will live; It was difficult to believe that she had lived through such an experience.) überleben

3) (to have one's home or dwelling (in a particular place): She lives next to the church; They went to live in Bristol / in a huge house.) wohnen

4) (to pass (one's life): He lived a life of luxury; She lives in fear of being attacked.) leben

5) ((with by) to make enough money etc to feed and house oneself: He lives by fishing.) den Lebensunterhalt bestreiten mit

•

- -lived
- living 2. noun
(the money etc needed to feed and house oneself and keep oneself alive: He earns his living driving a taxi; She makes a good living as an author.) der Lebensunterhalt

- living-room
- live-in
- live and let live
- live down
- live in
- out
- live on
- live up to
- within living memory
- in living memory II 1. adjective
1) (having life; not dead: a live mouse.) lebendig

2) ((of a radio or television broadcast etc) heard or seen as the event takes place; not recorded: I watched a live performance of my favourite opera on television; Was the performance live or recorded?) live

3) (full of energy, and capable of becoming active: a live bomb) scharf

4) (burning: a live coal.) glühend
2. adverb
((of a radio or television broadcast etc) as the event takes place: The competition will be broadcast live.) live

- lively
- liveliness
- livestock
- live wire
* * *

live¹

[laɪv]

I. adj inv

1. attr (living) lebend

a real \live grizzly bear ein echter Grizzlybär

\live animals echte Tiere

2. MUS, RADIO, TV live

\live audience Live-Publikum nt

\live broadcast Liveübertragung f, Livesendung f

\live coverage aktuelle Berichterstattung, Berichterstattung vor Ort

\live entertainment Liveunterhaltung f, Liveshow f

\live performance Liveauftritt m

\live recording Liveaufzeichnung f

3. ELEC geladen

\live wire Hochspannungskabel nt

4. (unexploded) scharf

\live ammunition scharfe Munition

5. (burning) glühend

\live coals glühende Kohlen

6. (not obsolete)

\live issue aktuelle Frage

II. adv inv MUS, RADIO, TV live, direkt

to broadcast \live direkt [o live] übertragen

to cover sth \live von etw dat live berichten

to go \live COMPUT den Echtbetrieb aufnehmen

to perform \live live auftreten

as \live broadcast, transmit beinahe live (wenn eine Live-Übertragung um kurze Zeit verzögert wird, falls etwas nicht gesendet werden soll)

live²

[lɪv]

I. vi

1. (be alive) leben

will she \live? wird sie überleben?

“I've got a terrible cold!” — “oh, you'll live!” „ich bin total erkältet!“ — „ach, du wirst schon nicht sterben!“

to \live to [be] a ripe [old] age ein hohes Alter erreichen

she \lived to be 97 years old sie wurde 97 Jahre alt

2. (spend life) leben

... and/where they \lived happily ever after... und wenn sie nicht gestorben sind, dann leben sie noch heute

to \live above [or beyond] /within one's means über seine Verhältnisse/entsprechend seinen Möglichkeiten leben

to \live alone/dangerously alleine/gefährlich leben

to \live by one's principles seinen Prinzipien treu bleiben

to \live high gut leben

to \live in fear/luxury in Angst/Luxus leben

to \live in plenty ein Leben im Überfluss führen, im Überfluss leben

to \live in squalor [or dire need] in ärmlichen Verhältnissen leben

to make life worth living das Leben lebenswert machen

3. (subsist) leben

▪ to \live by sth von etw dat leben

the family \lives by hunting and farming die Familie lebt vom Jagen und von der Landwirtschaft

he \lives by the pen er lebt vom Schreiben

she \lives by crime sie lebt von Verbrechen

4. (be remembered) weiterleben

his music will \live for ever seine Musik ist unvergänglich

to \live in sb's memory in jds Erinnerung weiterleben

her spirit lives in her work ihr Geist lebt in ihren Werken weiter

5. (have interesting life)

you've never been bungee-jumping? you haven't lived! du warst noch nie Bungee-Jumping? du weißt nicht, was du versäumt hast!

if you haven't seen Venice, you haven't \lived Venedig sehen und sterben

to \live a little [or a bit] das Leben genießen

6. (reside) wohnen

where do you \live? wo wohnst du?

to \live in the country/in town auf dem Land/in der Stadt wohnen

to \live next door nebenan wohnen

to \live next door to sb neben jdm wohnen

7. ( fam: be kept) sein

where does the sugar \live? wo hast du den Zucker?; (belong) gehören

the pots \live in the cupboard next to the cooker die Töpfe gehören in den Schrank neben dem Herd

8.

▶ as I \live and breathe!:

good Lord! Sally Watson, as I \live and breathe! Mensch! wenn das nicht Sally Watson ist!

▶ to \live to fight another day es überstehen, überleben

▶ you [or we] \live and learn man lernt nie aus

▶ to \live and let \live ( saying) leben und leben lassen

▶ long \live the King/Queen! lang lebe der König/die Königin!

▶ to \live to regret sth etw noch bereuen werden

▶ we \lived to tell the tale wir haben's überlebt

▶ to \live by one's wits sich akk durchschlagen

II. vt

to \live [one's] life to the full das Leben in vollen Zügen genießen

to \live a life of luxury ein luxuriöses [o extravagantes] Leben führen

to \live one's own life sein eigenes Leben leben

▶ to \live and breathe sth mit Leib und Seele für etw akk sein

▶ to \live a lie mit einer Lebenslüge leben

* * *
I [lɪv]
1. vt
life führen
to live a part — in einer Rolle aufgehen

he had been living a lie — sein Leben war eine Lüge

to live one's own life — sein eigenes Leben leben

he lives and breathes golf — er lebt nur für Golf

2. vi

1) (= be alive, survive) leben

there is no man living who can equal him — es gibt niemanden, der es ihm gleichtun könnte

will he live, doctor? — wird er (über)leben, Herr Doktor?

don't worry, you'll live, it's only a broken ankle — reg dich nicht auf, du stirbst schon nicht, du hast nur einen gebrochenen Knöchel

long live Queen Anne! — lang lebe Königin Anne!

we live and learn — man lernt nie aus

to live and let live — leben und leben lassen

to live like a king or lord — fürstlich or wie Gott in Frankreich leben

not many people live to be a hundred — nicht viele Menschen werden hundert (Jahre alt)

to live to a ripe old age — ein hohes Alter erreichen

his name will live for ever — sein Ruhm wird nie vergehen

his music will live for ever —

his spirit still lives in his work if the spirit of the Renaissance should ever live again it was as though the father were living again in the son — sein Geist lebt in seinem Werk weiter wenn der Geist der Renaissance je wieder erwachen sollte es war, als lebte der Vater im Sohn weiter

to live by one's wits — sich ( so) durchschlagen

to live by one's pen — von seinen Büchern or vom Schreiben leben

to live by crime — von Verbrechen leben

they lived in fear of losing their jobs — sie lebten in ständiger Angst, ihre Stelle zu verlieren

he lived through two wars — er hat zwei Kriege miterlebt

to live through an experience — eine Erfahrung durchmachen

the patient was not expected to live through the night — man rechnete nicht damit, dass der Patient die Nacht überstehen or überleben würde

people living with HIV and AIDS — Menschen mit HIV und Aids

I would rather like to live to the end of the century — ich möchte die Jahrhundertwende noch miterleben

to live within one's income — nicht über seine Verhältnisse leben

you'll live to regret it —

he lives for his work/children — er lebt für seine Arbeit/Kinder

2)

(= experience real living) I want to live — ich will leben or was erleben (inf)

that's existing, not living — das ist doch kein Leben

you've never skied? you haven't lived! —

you've never lived until you've discovered Crete — wer Kreta nicht kennt, hat noch nicht gelebt

before she met him she hadn't lived — sie begann erst zu leben, als sie ihn kennenlernte

3) (= reside) wohnen, leben; (animals) leben

he lives at 19 Marktstraße — er wohnt in der Marktstraße Nr. 19

he lives in Gardner St/on the High Street —

who lives in that big house? — wer bewohnt das große Haus?, wer wohnt in dem großen Haus?

he lives with his parents — er wohnt bei seinen Eltern

a house not fit to live in — ein unbewohnbares Haus, ein Haus, in dem man nicht wohnen kann

this house is not fit for a human being to live in — dies ist eine menschenunwürdige Behausung

4) (inf

= belong) where does this jug live? —

the knives live in this drawer — die Messer gehören in diese Schublade

5)

the other athletes couldn't live with him/the pace — die anderen Läufer konnten mit ihm/mit dem Tempo nicht mithalten
II [laɪv]
1. adj

1) (= alive) lebend; issue, question aktuell

a real live duke — ein waschechter Herzog

live births — Lebendgeburten pl

2) (= having power or energy) coal glühend; match ungebraucht; cartridge, shell scharf; (ELEC) geladen

"danger, live wires!" — "Vorsicht Hochspannung!"

she's a real live wire (fig) — sie ist ein richtiges Energiebündel

3) (RAD, TV) live

or program (US) — eine Livesendung

live broadcast (TV, Rad) — Direktübertragung f

2. adv (RAD, TV)
live, direkt
* * *

live¹ [lıv]

A v/i

1. leben, am Leben sein:

the characters in this novel seem to live die Gestalten in diesem Roman wirken lebendig;

get sb where he lives fig jemanden an einer empfindlichen Stelle treffen

2. leben, am Leben bleiben:

live long lange leben;

people live longer and longer die Menschen werden immer älter;

the doctors don’t think he will live die Ärzte glauben nicht, dass er durchkommt;

his doctor gave him one year to live sein Arzt gab ihm noch ein Jahr;

live through sth etwas durchleben oder -machen oder -stehen;

the patient did not live through the night der Patient hat die Nacht nicht überlebt;

live to be old, live to an old age ein hohes Alter erreichen, alt werden;

he wants to live to a hundred er will 100 werden;

live to see erleben;

he did not live to see it er hat es nicht mehr erlebt;

he will live to regret it er wird es noch bereuen;

you live and learn man lernt nie aus;

live with sth fig mit etwas leben;

I’ll have to live with it ich werde damit leben müssen

3. oft live on bes fig weiter-, fortleben:

the dead live on in our hearts;

these ideas still live

4. aushalten, sich halten, bestehen

5. leben (on, upon von), sich ernähren (on, upon von; by von, durch):

earn enough to live genug zum Leben verdienen;

live off one’s capital von seinem Kapital leben oder zehren;

he lives on his wife er lebt auf Kosten oder von (den Einkünften) seiner Frau;

live on the State auf Staatskosten leben;

live by painting vom Malen leben, sich seinen Lebensunterhalt durch Malen verdienen; → bread Bes Redew

6. ehrlich etc leben, ein ehrliches etc Leben führen:

live honestly;

live well üppig oder gut leben;

live poorly ein kärgliches Leben fristen;

live to o.s. ganz für sich leben;

live within o.s. sich nur mit sich selbst beschäftigen;

she lived there a widow sie lebte dort als Witwe; → day Bes Redew, income, mean³ B 5

7. leben, wohnen ( beide:

with bei):

live in the country;

live with sb mit jemandem zusammenleben

8. leben, das Leben genießen:

live and let live leben und leben lassen

B v/t

1. ein bestimmtes Leben führen oder leben:

live a double life ein Doppelleben führen

2. (vor)leben, im Leben verwirklichen:

he lives his faith er lebt seinen Glauben;

live a lie die liebende (Ehe)Frau oder den liebenden (Ehe-)Mann spielen

3. live and breathe sth in etwas völlig aufgehen;

he lives and breathes football sein Leben besteht nur aus Fußball

live² [laıv]

A adj (meist attr)

1. lebend, lebendig (Tiere etc):

live birth Lebendgeburt f;

live hair Haar n von lebenden Wesen;

live oak Immergrüne Eiche;

live rock lebender oder gewachsener Fels;

live show Liveshow f (Vorführung eines Geschlechtsaktes vor Publikum) ( → A 9);

live weight Lebendgewicht n;

a real live lord umg ein richtiger oder echter Lord

2. energisch, tatkräftig (Vorgehen etc)

3. aktuell (Frage etc)

4. glühend (Kohle etc), (Zigarette etc auch) brennend

5. scharf (Munition etc)

6. ungebraucht (Streichholz)

7. aktiv (Vulkan)

8. ELEK Spannung oder Strom führend, unter Spannung oder Strom stehend; → live wire 1

9. RADIO, TV Direkt…, Original…, Live…:

live broadcast Direktübertragung f;

live show Liveshow f (live übertragene Show) ( → A 1)

10. lebhaft, lebendig (Farben)

11. TECH

a) Antriebs…

b) angetrieben:

live center (bes Br centre) mitlaufende Spitze;

live wheel Antriebsrad n

c) beweglich:

live load Verkehrs-, Auflast f

12. Akustik: Hall…:

live room Hallraum m

13. TYPO gebrauchs-, druckfertig:

live matter druckfertiger Satz, Stehsatz m

14. SPORT im Spiel (befindlich) (Ball)

B adv RADIO, TV direkt, original, live:

the game will be broadcast live

* * *
I 1. adjective
1) attrib. (alive) lebend

2) (Radio, Telev.)

live performance — Live-Aufführung, die

live broadcast — Live-Sendung, die; Direktübertragung, die

3) (topical) aktuell [Thema, Frage]

4) (Electr.) Strom führend

5) (unexploded) scharf [Munition usw.]

6) (glowing) glühend [Kohle]

7) (joc.): (actual)

real live — richtig
2. adverb
(Radio, Telev.) live [übertragen usw.]
II 1. intransitive verb
1) leben

live and let live — leben und leben lassen

live by something — von etwas leben

you'll live — (iron.) du wirst's [schon] überleben (iron.)

as long as I live I shall never... — mein Leben lang werde ich nicht...

live to see — [mit]erleben

she will live to regret it — sie wird es noch bereuen

you live and learn — man lernt nie aus

live through something — etwas durchmachen (ugs.); (survive) etwas überleben

live to a ripe old age/to be a hundred — ein hohes Alter erreichen/hundert Jahre alt werden

long live the queen! — lang lebe die Königin!

2) (make permanent home) wohnen; leben

live together — zusammenleben

live with somebody — mit jemandem zusammenleben

live with something — (lit. or fig.) mit etwas leben
2. transitive verb
leben

live it up — das Leben in vollen Zügen genießen; (have a good time) einen draufmachen (ugs.)

Phrasal Verbs:

- live down

- live in

- live on

- live out

- live up to

* * *

adj.

aktiv adj.

lebendig adj. (on) v.

leben (von) v. v.

leben v.

wohnen v.

English-german dictionary > live
7 live

I 1. liv verb
1) (to have life; to be alive: This poison is dangerous to everything that lives.) leve

2) (to survive: The doctors say he is very ill, but they think he will live; It was difficult to believe that she had lived through such an experience.) overleve

3) (to have one's home or dwelling (in a particular place): She lives next to the church; They went to live in Bristol / in a huge house.) bo

4) (to pass (one's life): He lived a life of luxury; She lives in fear of being attacked.) leve

5) ((with by) to make enough money etc to feed and house oneself: He lives by fishing.) leve av

•

- - lived
- living 2. noun
(the money etc needed to feed and house oneself and keep oneself alive: He earns his living driving a taxi; She makes a good living as an author.) levebrød

- living-room
- live-in
- live and let live
- live down
- live in
- out
- live on
- live up to
- within living memory
- in living memory II 1. adjective
1) (having life; not dead: a live mouse.) levende

2) ((of a radio or television broadcast etc) heard or seen as the event takes place; not recorded: I watched a live performance of my favourite opera on television; Was the performance live or recorded?) direkte (sending), live

3) (full of energy, and capable of becoming active: a live bomb) ladd, skarp

4) (burning: a live coal.) glødende
2. adverb
((of a radio or television broadcast etc) as the event takes place: The competition will be broadcast live.) direkte (overført)

- lively
- liveliness
- livestock
- live wire

bo
--------
leve
--------
levende
--------
spenstig

I
verb \/lɪv\/

1) leve, være i live

• I want to live

jeg vil leve

• live together

leve sammen

2) overleve, leve videre

• his memory will live

minnet om ham vil alltid leve videre

• he cannot live

han overlever ikke \/ han står det ikke over \/ han klarer seg ikke

3) bo, være bosatt, oppholde seg

• live in the country

• live with one's parents

• live in London

4) (sjøfart, gammeldags) holde seg flytende

• no ship could live in such a rough sea

ingen skip kunne holde seg flytende i en slik bølgegang

5) leve, leve i takt med, leve opp til

• live a doble life

• live one's philosophy

leve i takt med sin filosofi

• live one's life over again

• live the days of one's youth over again

gjenoppleve ens ungdom \/ leve sine ungdomsdager om igjen

6) (hverdagslig, om objekt) forklaring: befinne seg på et bestemt sted

• where does your tea live?

hvor oppbevarer du teen din?

as I live and breathe minsanten (brukes for å uttrykke overraskelse over å ha støtt på noen eller noe)

he who fights and runs away lives to fight another day se ➢ day

he who lives will see den som lever, får se

how ya living? (amer., slang) åssen går det?

know how to live kunne kunsten å leve, være en livskunstner

live a bachelor leve ugift, leve som ungkar

live a lie leve på en løgn

• he had been living a lie all his life

hele hans tilværelse var bygd på en løgn

live and breathe something leve og ånde for noe

live and let live leve og la leve (være tolerant)

live by leve av, leve på

• live by hunting and fishing

• live by one's pen

leve etter

• live by certain principles

live close knapt unne seg maten

live down få folk til å glemme

• he never lived down the scandal

han fikk aldri folk til å glemme skandalen komme over, overvinne

• live down a sorrow

komme over en sorg

live fast føre et utsvevende liv føre et hektisk liv

live for leve for, ha som det viktigste i sitt liv

live in bo på arbeidsplassen, ha kost og losji

live in hope leve i håpet

live it up ( hverdagslig) leve livet, leve herrens glade dager

live off eller live on leve av, leve på, livnære seg på, livnære seg av

• live off the land

leve av jorden \/ livnære seg av jorden

• live on vegetables

• live on air

• live on £20,000 a year

• live one one's relatives

• live on one's name

live off\/on the fat of the land ha alt, ha det beste av alt

live on leve videre, overleve, leve

live on borrowed time leve på lånt tid

live out ( spesielt om tjenestefolk) bo utenfor arbeidsplassen

live out of a suitcase bo i koffert, stadig være på reisefot

live out the storm ri stormen av

live over\/beyond one's income se ➢ income

live rough sove ute, være uteligger

live something out leve ut noe

• now I can live out my dreams

nå kan jeg leve ut drømmene mine

leve resten av sitt liv

• he lived out his days in bitterness

han levde resten av livet sitt i bitterhet

live the part leve seg inn i rollen

live through oppleve

• he has lived through two wars

han har opplevd to kriger

overleve, klare seg

• he won't live through the night

han kommer ikke til å overleve natten

live to a great age eller live to be old bli gammel, nå en høy alder

• she won't live to be an old woman

hun blir ikke gammel

live together ( hverdagslig) leve sammen, bo sammen, være samboere

live to know få erfare

• you will live to repent this

du kommer til å angre dette

live to regret komme til å angre på

live to see få oppleve

• he lived to see his daughter become a great woman

han fikk oppleve at hans datter ble en stor kvinne

• if we live to see it

om vi får oppleve det \/ om vi lever så lenge

live to tell the tale overleve noe og kunne fortelle om det etterpå

live up to leve til, leve opp til

• he lived up to that period

han levde opp til den perioden

oppfylle, innfri (løfte) leve opp til, svare til

• live up to one's reputation

leve opp til ens rykte

• the translation hardly lives up to the original

oversettelsen kan knapt sies å leve opp til originalen

leve etter

• live up to one's principles

leve etter sine prinsipper

• live up to one's income

leve etter sin inntekt

live well leve godt, ha det bra leve et rettskaffent liv

live with leve sammen med, bo sammen med leve med, tolerere, finne seg i

• you have to learn to live with pollution

du må lære å leve med forurensing

live\/keep within one's income se ➢ income

long live...! lenge leve...!

too good to live for god for denne verden

• he is too good to live

han er altfor god for denne verden

we live and learn man lærer så lenge man lever
II
adj. \/laɪv\/

1) levende

• live bait

levende agn

2) ekte, virkelig, riktig

• a real live burglar

en ekte innbruddstyv \/ en lys levende innbruddstyv

3) levende, livlig, foretaksom, energisk, våken

• the company needs a live manager

selskapet trenger en energisk leder

4) (radio, TV) direkte-, direktesendt, live

5) ( elektrisitet) spenningsførende, strømførende

6) ueksplodert, ladet, skarp

• a live bomb

en ueksplodert bombe

• a live cartridge

en ubrukt patron

• live ammunition

skarp ammunisjon

7) glødende, brennende

• live coal

glødende kull

8) roterende, bevegelig, driv-

• live axle

drivaksel

9) ubrukt

• a live match

en ubrukt fyrstikk

10) aktuell

• a live question

et aktuelt spørsmål

11) fast, hard

• live rock

hardt fjell

live broadcast direktesending

a live one (amer., hverdagslig) en person som strør om seg med penger en lettlurt person

live parking (amer.) parkering med føreren igjen i kjøretøyet

live show ( samleie på scenen i pornoklubbforestilling) liveshow

live weight levende vekt
III
adv. \/laɪv\/

(radio, TV) direkte

• they broadcast it live

English-Norwegian dictionary > live
8 clash

klæʃ
1. сущ.
1) громкий звук, производимый обычно при соприкосновении металлических предметов: лязг( оружия), бряцание( мечей и т. п.), громыханье (кастрюль и т. п.), гул( колоколов), грохотанье( дождя, града)
2) столкновение, стычка Syn: fight
1., skirmish
1.
3) коллизия, конфликт, столкновение clash of opinions ≈ расхождение во взглядах Syn: collision, conflict
4) несоответствие цветов, цветовая дисгармония
2. гл.
1) сталкиваться, ударяться друг о друга (особ. об оружии) ;
налететь, натолкнуться I clashed against the streetlight and hurt my head. ≈ Я влетел в фонарный столб и поранил голову. They clashed loudly against the three bowls. ≈ Они с грохотом налетели на три вазы.
2) столкнуться, схватиться where ignorant armies clash ≈ где столкнутся не подозревающие ни о чем армии
3) сталкиваться, приходить в столкновение, (о взглядах, интересах и т. п.;
тж. о совпадающих по времени событиях) Mary and her husband clashed over the question of where they should live. ≈ Мери разругалась с мужем по поводу того, где они будут жить. Our lectures clash. ≈ Наши лекции совпадают. I was unable to study music at school because it clashed with history. ≈ Мне не удавалось ходить в школе на музыку - в те же часы была история. Syn: conflict
2., disagree, interfere
4) дисгармонировать( against, with - с чем-л.) These colours clash. ≈ Эти цвета не гармонируют. The orange curtains clash against/with the red furniture. ≈ Оранжевые занавеси не в тон красной мебели. ∙ clash against clash with лязг (оружия) ;
бряцание, звон( мечей) гул (колоколов) грохот (бидонов, кастрюль) дробь( града, дождя) столкновение, стычка, схватка - *es with the police столкновения с полицией столкновение, конфликт;
разногласие - * of interests столкновение интересов - * of opinions расхождение во взглядах сталкиваться;
стукаться, ударяться друг о друга ( о металлических предметах, особ об оружии) - their swords *ed их шпаги со звоном скрестились сталкиваться (об интересах) ;
приходить в столкновение;
расходиться( о взглядах) - their interests * их интересы не совпадают - your views * with mine мы придерживаемся противоположных взглядов, мы расходимся во взглядах - one statements *ed with another одно заявление противоречило другому происходить в одно время, мешать друг другу;
совпадать( по времени) - it's a pity the two concerts * жаль, что оба концерта будут в одно время дисгармонировать - these colours * эти цвета несовместимы;
сочетание этих цветов режет глаз( спортивное) встретиться (в матче - о командах) ударять с грохотом;
стучать (обо что-л металлическое) налететь, наскочить, натолкнуться, столкнуться - I *ed into him as I went round the corner свернув за угол, я налетел на него( шотландское) бросить, сбросить - she *ed the pans down on the stone floor она бросила кастрюли, и они загрохотали по каменному полу (шотландское) сплетничать, злословить clash дисгармонировать;
these colours clash эти цвета не гармонируют ~ конфликт ~ лязг (оружия) ;
гул (колоколов) ~ разногласие ~ расходиться (о взглядах) ~ совпадать во времени;
our lectures clash наши лекции совпадают ~ сталкиваться (об интересах) ;
приходить в столкновение ~ сталкиваться, стукаться, ударяться друг о друга (особ. об оружии) ~ столкновение;
clash of interests столкновение интересов;
clash of opinions расхождение во взглядах ~ столкновение ~ ударять с грохотом;
производить гул, шум, звон;
звонить во все колокола ~ столкновение;
clash of interests столкновение интересов;
clash of opinions расхождение во взглядах ~ of jurisdictions столкновение компетенций ~ столкновение;
clash of interests столкновение интересов;
clash of opinions расхождение во взглядах name ~ вчт. конфликт по именам ~ совпадать во времени;
our lectures clash наши лекции совпадают clash дисгармонировать;
these colours clash эти цвета не гармонируют

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > clash
9 clash

[klæʃ] 1. гл.
1) сталкиваться; ударяться друг о друга ( обычно об оружии)

2) сталкиваться с кем-л. ( бороться)

The Greek forces clashed against Turks in the hills. — На холмах греческая армия столкнулась с турецкой.

3) сталкиваться, приходить к противоречию

My opinions clash against yours. — Мы с вами не совпадаем во взглядах.

Mary and her husband clashed over the question of where they should live. — Мэри поссорилась с мужем по поводу того, где они будут жить.

Syn:

conflict 2., disagree, interfere

4) налететь, натолкнуться

I clashed against the streetlight and hurt my head. — Я налетел на фонарный столб и поранил голову.

5) происходить в одно и то же время; совпадать ( по времени)

I was unable to study music at school because it clashed with history. — Мне не удавалось ходить в школе на музыку - в те же часы была история.

6) дисгармонировать

These colours clash. — Эти цвета не сочетаются друг с другом.

The orange curtains clash against / with the red furniture. — Эти оранжевые занавески не подходят к красной мебели.
2. сущ.
1) лязг, бряцание ( оружия)

2) громыханье ( кастрюль)

3) звон ( колоколов)

4) грохотанье (дождя, града)

5) столкновение, стычка

Syn:

fight 1., skirmish 1.

6) коллизия, конфликт, столкновение

clash of opinions — расхождение во взглядах

Syn:

collision, conflict 1.

7) несоответствие цветов, цветовая дисгармония

Англо-русский современный словарь > clash
10 Usage note : do

The direct French equivalent of the verb to do in subject + to do + object sentences is faire:

she’s doing her homework

= elle fait ses devoirs

what are you doing?

= qu’est-ce que tu fais?

what has he done with the newspaper?

= qu’est-ce qu’il a fait du journal?

faire functions in very much the same way as to do does in English and it is safe to assume it will work in the great majority of cases. For the conjugation of the verb faire, see the French verb tables.

Grammatical functions

In questions

In French there is no use of an auxiliary verb in questions equivalent to the use of do in English.

When the subject is a pronoun, the question is formed in French either by inverting the subject and verb and putting a hyphen between the two ( veux-tu?) or by prefacing the subject + verb by est-ce que (literally is it that):

do you like Mozart?

= aimes-tu Mozart? or est-ce que tu aimes Mozart?

did you put the glasses in the cupboard?

= as-tu mis les verres dans le placard? or est-ce que tu as mis les verres dans le placard?

When the subject is a noun there are again two possibilities:

did your sister ring?

= est-ce que ta sœur a téléphoné? or ta sœur a-t-elle téléphoné?

did Max find his keys?

= est-ce que Max a trouvé ses clés? or Max a-t-il trouvé ses clés?

In negatives

Equally, auxiliaries are not used in negatives in French:

I don’t like Mozart

= je n’aime pas Mozart

you didn’t feed the cat

= tu n’as pas donné à manger au chat

don’t do that!

= ne fais pas ça!

In emphatic uses

There is no verbal equivalent for the use of do in such expressions as I DO like your dress. A French speaker will find another way, according to the context, of expressing the force of the English do. Here are a few useful examples:

I DO like your dress

= j’aime beaucoup ta robe

I DO hope she remembers

= j’espère qu’elle n’oubliera pas

I DO think you should see a doctor

= je crois vraiment que tu devrais voir un médecin

When referring back to another verb

In this case the verb to do is not translated at all:

I don’t like him any more than you do

= je ne l’aime pas plus que toi

I live in Oxford and so does Lily

= j’habite à Oxford et Lily aussi

she gets paid more than I do

= elle est payée plus que moi

I haven’t written as much as I ought to have done

= je n’ai pas écrit autant que j’aurais dû

‘I love strawberries’ ‘so do I’

= ‘j’adore les fraises’ ‘moi aussi’

In polite requests

In polite requests the phrase je vous en prie can often be used to render the meaning of do:

do sit down

= asseyez-vous, je vous en prie

do have a piece of cake

= prenez un morceau de gâteau, je vous en prie

‘may I take a peach?’ ‘yes, do’

= ‘puis-je prendre une pêche?’ ‘je vous en prie’

In imperatives

In French there is no use of an auxiliary verb in imperatives:

don’t shut the door

= ne ferme pas la porte

don’t tell her anything

= ne lui dis rien

do be quiet!

= tais-toi!

In tag questions

French has no direct equivalent of tag questions like doesn’t he? or didn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:

you like fish, don’t you?

= tu aimes le poisson, n’est-ce pas?

he lives in London, doesn’t he?

= il habite à Londres, n’est-ce pas?

However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the meaning contained in the tag: par hasard can often be useful as a translation:

Lola didn’t phone, did she?

= Lola n’a pas téléphoné par hasard?

Paul doesn’t work here, does he?

= Paul ne travaille pas ici par hasard?

In many cases the tag is not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey what is implied:

you didn’t tidy your room, did you? (i.e. you ought to have done)

= tu n’as pas rangé ta chambre?

In short answers

Again, there is no direct French equivalent for short answers like yes I do, no he doesn’t etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:

‘Marion didn’t say that’ ‘yes she did’

= ‘Marion n’a pas dit ça’ ‘si’

‘they don’t sell vegetables at the baker’s’ ‘yes they do’

= ‘ils ne vendent pas les légumes à la boulangerie’ ‘si’

In response to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:

‘do you like strawberries?’ ‘yes I do’

= ‘aimez-vous les fraises?’ ‘oui ’

For more examples and particular usages, see the entry do.

Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : do
11 go

Ⅰ.

go¹ [gəʊ]

noun

(game) jeu m de go

Ⅱ.

go² [gəʊ]

aller ⇒ 1A (a)-(c), 1A (e), 1A (f), 1E (a)-(c), 1G (a), 2 (a) s'en aller ⇒ 1A (d) être ⇒ 1B (a) devenir ⇒ 1B (b) tomber en panne ⇒ 1B (c) s'user ⇒ 1B (d) se détériorer ⇒ 1B (e) commencer ⇒ 1C (a) aller (+ infinitif) ⇒ 1C (b), 1C (c) marcher ⇒ 1C (d) disparaître ⇒ 1D (a), 1D (c) se passer ⇒ 1E (d) s'écouler ⇒ 1E (e) s'appliquer ⇒ 1F (b) se vendre ⇒ 1F (e) contribuer ⇒ 1G (c) aller ensemble ⇒ 1H (a) tenir le coup ⇒ 1H (c) faire ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (c) coup ⇒ 3 (a) essai ⇒ 3 (a) tour ⇒ 3 (b) dynamisme ⇒ 3 (c)

(pl goes [gəʊz], 3rd pres sing goes [gəʊz], pt went [went], pp gone [gɒn])

1 intransitive verb

A.

(a) (move, travel → person) aller; (→ vehicle) aller, rouler;

∎ we're going to Paris/Japan/Spain nous allons à Paris/au Japon/en Espagne;

∎ he went to the office/a friend's house il est allé au bureau/chez un ami;

∎ I want to go home je veux rentrer;

∎ the salesman went from house to house le vendeur est allé de maison en maison;

∎ we went by car/on foot nous y sommes allés en voiture/à pied;

∎ there goes the train! voilà le train (qui passe)!;

∎ the bus goes by way of or through Dover le bus passe par Douvres;

∎ does this train go to Glasgow? ce train va-t-il à Glasgow?;

∎ the truck was going at 150 kilometres an hour le camion roulait à ou faisait du 150 kilomètres (à l')heure;

∎ go behind those bushes va derrière ces arbustes;

∎ where do we go from here? où va-t-on maintenant?; figurative qu'est-ce qu'on fait maintenant?;

∎ to go to the doctor aller voir ou aller chez le médecin;

∎ he went straight to the director il est allé directement voir ou trouver le directeur;

∎ to go to prison aller en prison;

∎ to go to the toilet aller aux toilettes;

∎ to go to sb for advice aller demander conseil à qn;

∎ let the children go first laissez les enfants passer devant, laissez passer les enfants d'abord;

∎ I'll go next c'est à moi après;

∎ who goes next? (in game) c'est à qui (le tour)?;

∎ Military who goes there? qui va là?, qui vive?;

∎ here we go again! ça y est, ça recommence!;

∎ there he goes! le voilà!;

∎ there he goes again! (there he is again) le revoilà!; (he's doing it again) ça y est, il est reparti!

(b) (engage in a specified activity) aller;

∎ to go shopping aller faire des courses;

∎ to go fishing/hunting aller à la pêche/à la chasse;

∎ to go riding aller faire du cheval;

∎ let's go for a walk/bike ride/swim allons nous promener/faire un tour à vélo/nous baigner;

∎ they went on a trip ils sont partis en voyage;

∎ British go and buy the paper, American go buy the paper va acheter le journal;

∎ I'll go to see her or American go see her tomorrow j'irai la voir demain;

∎ don't go and tell him!, don't go telling him! ne va pas le lui dire!, ne le lui dis pas!;

∎ don't go bothering your sister ne va pas embêter ta sœur;

∎ you had to go and tell him! il a fallu que tu le lui dises!;

∎ he's gone and locked us out! il est parti et nous a laissé à la porte!;

∎ you've gone and done it now! vraiment, tu as tout gâché!

(c) (proceed to specified limit) aller;

∎ he'll go as high as £300 il ira jusqu'à 300 livres;

∎ the temperature went as high as 36° C la température est montée jusqu'à 36° C;

∎ he went so far as to say it was her fault il est allé jusqu'à dire que c'était de sa faute à elle;

∎ now you've gone too far! là tu as dépassé les bornes!;

∎ I'll go further and say he should resign j'irai plus loin et je dirai qu'il ou j'irai jusqu'à dire qu'il devrait démissionner;

∎ the temperature sometimes goes below zero la température descend ou tombe parfois au-dessous de zéro;

∎ her attitude went beyond mere impertinence son comportement était plus qu'impertinent

(d) (depart, leave) s'en aller, partir;

∎ I must be going il faut que je m'en aille ou que je parte;

∎ they went early ils sont partis tôt;

∎ you may go vous pouvez partir;

∎ what time does the train go? à quelle heure part le train?;

∎ familiar get going! vas-y!, file!;

∎ archaic be gone! allez-vous-en!;

∎ either he goes or I go l'un de nous deux doit partir

(e) (indicating regular attendance) aller, assister;

∎ to go to church/school aller à l'église/l'école;

∎ to go to a meeting aller ou assister à une réunion;

∎ to go to work (to one's place of work) aller au travail

(f) (indicating direction or route) aller, mener;

∎ that road goes to the market square cette route va ou mène à la place du marché

B.

(a) (be or remain in specified state) être;

∎ to go barefoot/naked se promener pieds nus/tout nu;

∎ to go armed porter une arme;

∎ her family goes in rags sa famille est en haillons;

∎ the job went unfilled le poste est resté vacant;

∎ to go unnoticed passer inaperçu;

∎ such crimes must not go unpunished de tels crimes ne doivent pas rester impunis

(b) (become) devenir;

∎ my father is going grey mon père grisonne;

∎ she went white with rage elle a blêmi de colère;

∎ my hands went clammy mes mains sont devenues moites;

∎ the tea's gone cold le thé a refroidi;

∎ have you gone mad? tu es devenu fou?;

∎ to go bankrupt faire faillite;

∎ the country has gone Republican le pays est maintenant républicain

(c) (stop working → engine) tomber en panne; (→ fuse) sauter; (→ bulb, lamp) sauter, griller;

∎ the battery's going la pile commence à être usée

(d) (wear out) s'user; (split) craquer; (break) (se) casser;

∎ his trousers are going at the knees son pantalon s'use aux genoux;

∎ the jacket went at the seams la veste a craqué aux coutures

(e) (deteriorate, fail → health) se détériorer; (→ hearing, sight) baisser;

∎ all his strength went and he fell to the floor il a perdu toutes ses forces et il est tombé par terre;

∎ his voice is going il devient aphone;

∎ his voice is gone il est aphone, il a une extinction de voix;

∎ her mind has started to go elle n'a plus toute sa tête ou toutes ses facultés

C.

(a) (begin an activity) commencer;

∎ what are we waiting for? let's go! qu'est-ce qu'on attend? allons-y!;

∎ familiar here goes!, here we go! allez!, on y va!;

∎ go! partez!;

∎ you'd better get going on or with that report! tu ferais bien de te mettre à ou de t'attaquer à ce rapport!;

∎ it won't be so hard once you get going ça ne sera pas si difficile une fois que tu seras lancé;

∎ familiar go to it! (get to work) au boulot!; (in encouragement) allez-y!

(b) (expressing intention)

∎ to be going to do sth (be about to) aller faire qch, être sur le point de faire qch; (intend to) avoir l'intention de faire qch;

∎ you were just going to tell me about it vous étiez sur le point de ou vous alliez m'en parler;

∎ I was going to visit her yesterday but her mother arrived j'avais l'intention de ou j'allais lui rendre visite hier mais sa mère est arrivée

(c) (expressing future)

∎ are you going to be at home tonight? est-ce que vous serez chez vous ce soir?;

∎ we're going to do exactly as we please nous ferons ce que nous voulons;

∎ she's going to be a doctor elle va être médecin;

∎ there's going to be a storm il va y avoir un orage;

∎ he's going to have to work really hard il va falloir qu'il travaille très dur

(d) (function → clock, machine) marcher, fonctionner; (start functioning) démarrer;

∎ is the fan going? est-ce que le ventilateur est en marche ou marche?;

∎ the car won't go la voiture ne veut pas démarrer;

∎ he had the television and the radio going il avait mis la télévision et la radio en marche;

∎ the washing machine is still going la machine à laver tourne encore, la lessive n'est pas terminée;

∎ to get sth going (car, machine) mettre qch en marche; (business, project) lancer qch;

∎ her daughter kept the business going sa fille a continué à faire marcher l'affaire;

∎ to keep a conversation/fire going entretenir une conversation/un feu

(e) (sound → alarm clock, bell) sonner; (→ alarm, siren) retentir

(f) (make movement)

∎ she went like this with her eyebrows elle a fait comme ça avec ses sourcils

(g) (appear)

∎ to go on radio/television passer à la radio/à la télévision

D.

(a) (disappear) disparaître;

∎ the snow has gone la neige a fondu ou disparu;

∎ all the sugar's gone il n'y a plus de sucre;

∎ my coat has gone mon manteau n'est plus là ou a disparu;

∎ all our money has gone (spent) nous avons dépensé tout notre argent; (lost) nous avons perdu tout notre argent; (stolen) on a volé tout notre argent;

∎ I don't know where the money goes these days l'argent disparaît à une vitesse incroyable ces temps-ci;

∎ gone are the days when he took her dancing elle est bien loin, l'époque où il l'emmenait danser

(b) (be eliminated)

∎ the last paragraph must go il faut supprimer le dernier paragraphe;

∎ I've decided that car has to go j'ai décidé de me débarrasser de cette voiture;

∎ that new secretary has got to go il va falloir se débarrasser de la nouvelle secrétaire

(c) euphemism (die) disparaître, s'éteindre;

∎ he is (dead and) gone il nous a quittés;

∎ his wife went first sa femme est partie avant lui;

∎ after I go... quand je ne serai plus là...

E.

(a) (extend, reach) aller, s'étendre;

∎ our property goes as far as the forest notre propriété va ou s'étend jusqu'au bois;

∎ the path goes right down to the beach le chemin descend jusqu'à la mer;

∎ figurative her thinking didn't go that far elle n'a pas poussé le raisonnement aussi loin;

∎ my salary doesn't go very far je ne vais pas loin avec mon salaire;

∎ money doesn't go very far these days l'argent part vite à notre époque;

∎ their difference of opinion goes deeper than I thought leur différend est plus profond que je ne pensais

(b) (belong) aller, se mettre, se ranger;

∎ the dictionaries go on that shelf les dictionnaires se rangent ou vont sur cette étagère;

∎ where do the towels go? où est-ce qu'on met les serviettes?;

∎ that painting goes here ce tableau se met ou va là

(c) (be contained in, fit) aller;

∎ this last sweater won't go in the suitcase ce dernier pull n'ira pas ou n'entrera pas dans la valise;

∎ the piano barely goes through the door le piano entre ou passe de justesse par la porte;

∎ this belt just goes round my waist cette ceinture est juste assez longue pour faire le tour de ma taille;

∎ the lid goes on easily enough le couvercle se met assez facilement

(d) (develop, turn out) se passer;

∎ how did your interview go? comment s'est passé ton entretien?;

∎ I'll see how things go je vais voir comment ça se passe;

∎ we can't tell how things will go on ne sait pas comment ça se passera;

∎ everything went well tout s'est bien passé;

∎ if all goes well si tout va bien;

∎ the meeting went badly/well la réunion s'est mal/bien passée;

∎ the negotiations are going well les négociations sont en bonne voie;

∎ the vote went against them/in their favour le vote leur a été défavorable/favorable;

∎ there's no doubt as to which way the decision will go on sait ce qui sera décidé;

∎ everything was going fine until she showed up tout allait ou se passait très bien jusqu'à ce qu'elle arrive;

∎ everything went wrong ça a mal tourné;

∎ familiar how's it going?, how are things going? (comment) ça va?;

∎ the way things are going, we might both be out of a job soon au train où vont ou vu comment vont les choses, nous allons bientôt nous retrouver tous les deux au chômage

(e) (time → elapse) s'écouler, passer; (→ last) durer;

∎ the journey went quickly je n'ai pas vu le temps passer pendant le voyage;

∎ there were only five minutes to go before… il ne restait que cinq minutes avant…;

∎ time goes so slowly when you're not here le temps me paraît tellement long quand tu n'es pas là;

∎ how's the time going? combien de temps reste-t-il?

F.

(a) (be accepted)

∎ what your mother says goes! fais ce que dit ta mère!;

∎ whatever the boss says goes c'est le patron qui fait la loi;

∎ anything goes on fait ce qu'on veut

(b) (be valid, hold true) s'appliquer;

∎ that rule goes for everyone cette règle s'applique à tout le monde;

∎ that goes for us too (that applies to us) ça s'applique à nous aussi; (we agree with that) nous sommes aussi de cet avis

(c) (be expressed, run → report, story)

∎ the story or rumour goes that she left him le bruit court qu'elle l'a quitté;

∎ so the story goes du moins c'est ce que l'on dit ou d'après les on-dit;

∎ how does the story go? comment c'est cette histoire?;

∎ I forget how the poem goes now j'ai oublié le poème maintenant;

∎ how does the tune go? c'est quoi ou c'est comment, l'air?;

∎ her theory goes something like this sa théorie est plus ou moins la suivante

(d) (be identified as)

∎ to go by or under the name of répondre au nom de;

∎ he now goes by or under another name il se fait appeler autrement maintenant

(e) (be sold) se vendre;

∎ flats are going cheap at the moment les appartements ne se vendent pas très cher en ce moment;

∎ the necklace went for £350 le collier s'est vendu 350 livres;

∎ going, going, gone! (at auction) une fois, deux fois, adjugé!

G.

(a) (be given → award, prize) aller, être donné; (→ inheritance, property) passer;

∎ the contract is to go to a private firm le contrat ira à une entreprise privée;

∎ credit should go to the teachers le mérite en revient aux enseignants;

∎ every penny will go to charity tout l'argent va ou est destiné à une œuvre de bienfaisance

(b) (be spent)

∎ a small portion of the budget went on education une petite part du budget a été consacrée ou est allée à l'éducation;

∎ all his money goes on drink tout son argent part dans la boisson

(c) (contribute) contribuer, servir;

∎ all that just goes to prove my point tout ça confirme bien ce que j'ai dit;

∎ it has all the qualities that go to make a good film ça a toutes les qualités d'un bon film

(d) (have recourse) avoir recours, recourir;

∎ to go to arbitration recourir à l'arbitrage

H.

(a) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller ensemble;

∎ orange and mauve don't really go l'orange et le mauve ne vont pas vraiment ensemble

(b) (be available)

∎ let me know if you hear of any jobs going faites-moi savoir si vous entendez parler d'un emploi;

∎ are there any flats going for rent in this building? y a-t-il des appartements à louer dans cet immeuble?;

∎ familiar any whisky going? tu as un whisky à m'offrir?^□

(c) (endure) tenir le coup;

∎ we can't go much longer without water nous ne pourrons pas tenir beaucoup plus longtemps sans eau

(d) euphemism (go to the toilet)

∎ we'll only stop if you're really desperate to go on ne s'arrête que si tu ne tiens vraiment plus;

∎ I went before I came j'ai fait avant de venir

(e) Mathematics

∎ 5 into 60 goes 12 60 divisé par 5 égale 12;

∎ 6 into 5 won't go 5 n'est pas divisible par 6

(f) (idioms)

∎ she isn't bad, as teachers go elle n'est pas mal comme enseignante;

∎ as houses go, it's pretty cheap ce n'est pas cher pour une maison;

∎ as things go today par les temps qui courent;

∎ there goes my chance of winning a prize je peux abandonner tout espoir de gagner un prix;

∎ there you go again, always blaming other people ça y est, toujours à rejeter la responsabilité sur les autres;

∎ there you go! (here you are) tiens!; (I told you so) voilà!;

∎ there you go, two hamburgers and a coke et voici, deux hamburgers et un Coca;

∎ there you go, what did I tell you? voilà ou tiens, qu'est-ce que je t'avais dit!

2 transitive verb

(a) (follow, proceed along) aller, suivre;

∎ if we go this way, we'll get there much more quickly si nous passons par là, nous arriverons bien plus vite

(b) (travel) faire, voyager;

∎ we've only gone 5 kilometres nous n'avons fait que 5 kilomètres;

∎ she went the whole length of the street before coming back elle a descendu toute la rue avant de revenir

(c) (say) faire; (make specified noise) faire;

∎ ducks go "quack" les canards font "coin-coin";

∎ the clock goes "tick tock" l'horloge fait "tic tac";

∎ the gun went bang et pan! le coup est parti;

∎ familiar then he goes "hand it over" puis il fait "donne-le-moi"

(d) (in gambling)

∎ to go 10 risquer 10;

∎ Cards to go no/two trumps annoncer sans/deux atout(s);

∎ figurative to go one better (than sb) surenchérir (sur qn)

(e) familiar (do with)

∎ I could really go a beer je me paierais bien une bière

(f) (idioms) familiar old-fashioned

∎ to go it (go fast) filer; (behave wildly) se défoncer;

∎ familiar how goes it? ça marche?

3 noun

(a) British (attempt, try) coup m, essai m;

∎ to have a go at sth/doing sth essayer qch/de faire qch;

∎ he had another go il a fait une nouvelle tentative, il a ressayé;

∎ let's have a go! essayons!; familiar (let me try) laisse-moi essayer!^□ ;

∎ have another go! encore un coup!;

∎ I've never tried it but I'll give it a go je n'ai encore jamais fait l'expérience mais je vais essayer;

∎ she passed her exams first go elle a eu ses examens du premier coup;

∎ he knocked down all the skittles at one go il a renversé toutes les quilles d'un coup;

∎ £1 a go (at fair etc) une livre la partie ou le tour;

∎ to have a go on the dodgems faire un tour d'autos tamponneuses;

∎ he wouldn't let me have or give me a go (on his bicycle etc) il ne voulait pas me laisser l'essayer

(b) British (in games → turn) tour m;

∎ it's your go c'est ton tour ou c'est à toi (de jouer);

∎ whose go is it? à qui de jouer?, à qui le tour?

(c) familiar (energy, vitality) dynamisme^□ m, entrain^□ m;

∎ to be full of go avoir plein d'énergie, être très dynamique;

∎ she's got plenty of go elle est pleine d'entrain;

∎ the new man has no go in him le nouveau manque d'entrain

(d) familiar (success) succès^□ m, réussite^□ f;

∎ he's made a go of the business il a réussi à faire marcher l'affaire;

∎ to make a go of a marriage réussir un mariage;

∎ I tried to persuade her but it was no go j'ai essayé de la convaincre mais il n'y avait rien à faire

(e) (fashion) mode f;

∎ short hair is all the go les cheveux courts sont le dernier cri ou font fureur

(f) familiar (idioms)

∎ to have a go at sb (physically) rentrer dans qn; (verbally) passer un savon à qn;

∎ they had a real go at one another! qu'est-ce qu'ils se sont mis!;

∎ she had a go at her boyfriend elle a passé un de ces savons à son copain;

∎ British police have warned the public not to have a go, the fugitive may be armed la police a prévenu la population de ne pas s'en prendre au fugitif car il pourrait être armé;

∎ it's all go ça n'arrête pas!;

∎ all systems go! c'est parti!;

∎ the shuttle is go for landing la navette est bonne ou est parée ou a le feu vert pour l'atterrissage

4 going on adverb

∎ he must be going on fifty il doit approcher de la ou aller sur la cinquantaine;

∎ it was going on (for) midnight by the time we finished quand on a terminé, il était près de minuit

5 on the go adjective familiar

(a) (busy)

∎ I've been on the go all day je n'ai pas arrêté de toute la journée^□ ;

∎ to be always on the go être toujours à trotter ou à courir, avoir la bougeotte;

∎ to keep sb on the go faire trimer qn

(b) (in hand)

∎ I have several projects on the go at present j'ai plusieurs projets en route en ce moment^□

6 to go

1 adverb

à faire;

∎ there are only three weeks/five miles to go il ne reste plus que trois semaines/cinq miles;

∎ five done, three to go cinq de faits, trois à faire

2 adjective

esp American (to take out) two hamburgers to go deux hamburgers à emporter!

➲ go about

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move) circuler; (of rumour) courir;

∎ policemen usually go about in pairs en général, les policiers circulent par deux;

∎ you can't go about saying things like that! il ne faut pas raconter des choses pareilles!

(b) Nautical (change tack) virer de bord

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (get on with) s'occuper de;

∎ to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations

(b) (set about) se mettre à;

∎ she showed me how to go about it elle m'a montré comment faire ou comment m'y prendre;

∎ how do you go about applying for the job? comment doit-on s'y prendre ou faire pour postuler l'emploi?

(c) (country) parcourir

➲ go about with inseparable transitive verb

(frequent)

∎ her son goes about with an older crowd son fils fréquente des gens plus âgés que lui;

∎ he's going about with Rachel these days il sort avec Rachel en ce moment

➲ go across

1 inseparable transitive verb

traverser

2 intransitive verb

traverser;

∎ your brother has just gone across to the shop ton frère est allé faire un saut au magasin en face

➲ go after inseparable transitive verb

(a) (follow) suivre

(b) (pursue, seek → criminal) poursuivre; (→ prey) chasser; (→ job, prize) essayer d'obtenir;

∎ he goes after all the women il court après toutes les femmes;

∎ I'm going after that job je vais essayer d'obtenir cet emploi

➲ go against inseparable transitive verb

(a) (disregard) aller contre, aller à l'encontre de;

∎ she went against my advice elle n'a pas suivi mon conseil;

∎ I went against my mother's wishes je suis allé contre ou j'ai contrarié les désirs de ma mère

(b) (conflict with) contredire;

∎ that goes against what he told me c'est en contradiction avec ou ça contredit ce qu'il m'a dit;

∎ the decision went against public opinion la décision est allée à l'encontre de ou a heurté l'opinion publique;

∎ it goes against my principles c'est contre mes principes

(c) (be unfavourable to → of luck, situation) être contraire à; (→ of opinion) être défavorable à; (→ of behaviour, evidence) nuire à, être préjudiciable à;

∎ the verdict went against the defendant le verdict a été défavorable à l'accusé ou a été prononcé contre l'accusé;

∎ if luck should go against him si la chance lui était contraire;

∎ her divorce may go against her winning the election son divorce pourrait nuire à ses chances de gagner les élections

➲ go ahead intransitive verb

(a) (precede) passer devant;

∎ he went ahead of us il est parti avant nous;

∎ I let him go ahead of me in the queue je l'ai fait passer devant moi dans la queue

(b) (proceed) aller de l'avant;

∎ go ahead! tell me! vas-y! dis-le-moi!;

∎ the mayor allowed the demonstrations to go ahead le maire a permis aux manifestations d'avoir lieu;

∎ the move had gone ahead as planned le déménagement s'était déroulé comme prévu;

∎ to go ahead with sth démarrer qch;

∎ they're going ahead with the project after all ils ont finalement décidé de mener le projet à bien;

∎ he went ahead and did it (without hesitating) il l'a fait sans l'ombre d'une hésitation; (despite warnings) rien ne l'a arrêté

(c) (advance, progress) progresser, faire des progrès

➲ go along intransitive verb

(a) (move from one place to another) aller, avancer;

∎ go along and ask your mother va demander à ta mère;

∎ she went along with them to the fair elle les a accompagnés ou elle est allée avec eux à la foire;

∎ we can talk it over as we go along nous pouvons en discuter en chemin ou en cours de route;

∎ I just make it up as I go along j'invente au fur et à mesure

(b) (progress) se dérouler, se passer;

∎ things were going along nicely tout allait ou se passait bien

(c) (go to meeting, party etc) aller

➲ go along with inseparable transitive verb

(decision, order) accepter, s'incliner devant; (rule) observer, respecter;

∎ that's what they decided and I went along with it c'est la décision qu'ils ont prise et je l'ai acceptée;

∎ I go along with the committee on that point je suis d'accord avec ou je soutiens le comité sur ce point;

∎ I can't go along with you on that je ne suis pas d'accord avec vous là-dessus;

∎ he went along with his father's wishes il s'est conformé aux ou a respecté les désirs de son père

➲ go around intransitive verb

(a) (habitually) passer son temps à;

∎ he goes around mumbling to himself il passe son temps à radoter;

∎ she just goes around annoying everyone elle passe son temps à énerver tout le monde;

∎ he goes around in black leather il se promène toujours en ou il est toujours habillé en cuir noir

(b) (document, illness) circuler; (gossip, rumour) courir, circuler

(c) (be long enough for)

∎ will that belt go around your waist? est-ce que cette ceinture sera assez grande pour toi?

➲ go around with = go about with

➲ go at inseparable transitive verb

familiar (attack → food) attaquer, se jeter sur; (→ job, task) s'attaquer à; (→ person) attaquer;

∎ they were still going at it the next day ils y étaient encore le lendemain;

∎ she went at the cleaning with a will elle s'est attaquée au nettoyage avec ardeur

➲ go away intransitive verb

partir, s'en aller;

∎ go away! va-t'en!;

∎ I'm going away for a few days je pars pour quelques jours;

∎ she's gone away to think about it elle est partie réfléchir

➲ go back intransitive verb

(a) (return) revenir, retourner;

∎ she went back to bed elle est retournée au lit, elle s'est recouchée;

∎ to go back to sleep se rendormir;

∎ they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ou à la maison;

∎ I went back downstairs/upstairs je suis redescendu/remonté;

∎ to go back to work (continue task) se remettre au travail; (return to place of work) retourner travailler; (return to employment) reprendre le travail;

∎ to go back on one's steps rebrousser chemin, revenir sur ses pas;

∎ let's go back to chapter two revenons ou retournons au deuxième chapitre;

∎ we went back to the beginning nous avons recommencé;

∎ let's go back to why you said that revenons à la question de savoir pourquoi vous avez dit ça;

∎ the clocks go back one hour today on retarde les pendules d'une heure aujourd'hui

(b) (retreat) reculer;

∎ go back! recule!

(c) (revert) revenir;

∎ we went back to the old system nous sommes revenus à l'ancien système;

∎ he went back to his old habits il a repris ses anciennes habitudes;

∎ the conversation kept going back to the same subject la conversation revenait sans cesse sur le même sujet;

∎ men are going back to wearing their hair long les hommes reviennent aux cheveux longs ou se laissent à nouveau pousser les cheveux

(d) (in time) remonter;

∎ our records go back to 1850 nos archives remontent à 1850;

∎ this building goes back to the Revolution ce bâtiment date de ou remonte à la Révolution;

∎ familiar we go back a long way, Brad and me ça remonte à loin, Brad et moi

(e) (extend, reach) s'étendre;

∎ the garden goes back 150 metres le jardin s'étend sur 150 mètres

➲ go back on inseparable transitive verb

(fail to keep → agreement) rompre, violer; (→ promise) manquer à, revenir sur;

∎ they went back on their decision ils sont revenus sur leur décision;

∎ he won't go back on his word il ne manquera pas à sa parole

➲ go before

1 intransitive verb

(precede) passer devant; (happen before) précéder;

∎ that question has nothing to do with what went before cette question n'a rien à voir avec ce qui précède ou avec ce qui a été dit avant;

∎ the election was like nothing that had gone before l'élection ne ressemblait en rien aux précédentes;

∎ euphemism those who have gone before (the dead) ceux qui nous ont précédés

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (precede) précéder;

∎ we are indebted to those who have gone before us nous devons beaucoup à ceux qui nous ont précédés

(b) (appear before)

∎ your suggestion will go before the committee votre suggestion sera soumise au comité;

∎ to go before a judge/jury passer devant un juge/un jury;

∎ the matter went before the court l'affaire est allée devant les tribunaux

➲ go below intransitive verb

Nautical descendre dans l'entrepont

➲ go by

1 intransitive verb

(pass → car, person) passer; (→ time) passer, s'écouler;

∎ as the years go by avec les années, à mesure que les années passent;

∎ in days or in times or in years gone by autrefois, jadis;

∎ to let an opportunity go by laisser passer une occasion

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (act in accordance with, be guided by) suivre, se baser sur;

∎ don't go by the map ne vous fiez pas à la carte;

∎ I'll go by what the boss says je me baserai sur ce que dit le patron;

∎ he goes by the rules il suit le règlement

(b) (judge by) juger d'après;

∎ going by her accent, I'd say she's from New York si j'en juge d'après son accent, je dirais qu'elle vient de New York;

∎ you can't go by appearances on ne peut pas juger d'après ou sur les apparences

(c) (be known by)

∎ to go by a different/false name être connu sous un nom différent/un faux nom;

∎ the product goes by the name of "Bango" in France ce produit est vendu sous le nom de "Bango" en France

➲ go down

1 intransitive verb

(a) (descend, move to lower level) descendre;

∎ he went down on all fours or on his hands and knees il s'est mis à quatre pattes;

∎ going down! (in lift) on descend!, pour descendre!

(b) (proceed, travel) aller;

∎ we're going down to Tours/the country/the shop nous allons à Tours/à la campagne/au magasin

(c) (set → moon, sun) se coucher, tomber

(d) (sink → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)

(e) (decrease, decline → level, price, quality) baisser; (→ amount, numbers) diminuer; (→ rate, temperature) baisser, s'abaisser; (→ fever) baisser, tomber; (→ tide) descendre;

∎ the dollar is going down in value le dollar perd de sa valeur, le dollar est en baisse;

∎ eggs are going down (in price) le prix des œufs baisse;

∎ my weight has gone down j'ai perdu du poids;

∎ he's gone down in my estimation il a baissé dans mon estime;

∎ the neighbourhood's really gone down since then le quartier ne s'est vraiment pas arrangé depuis;

∎ to have gone down in the world avoir connu des jours meilleurs

(f) (become less swollen → swelling) désenfler, dégonfler; (→ balloon, tyre) se dégonfler

(g) (food, medicine) descendre;

∎ this wine goes down very smoothly ce vin se laisse boire (comme du petit-lait)

(h) (produce specified reaction) être reçu;

∎ a cup of coffee would go down nicely une tasse de café serait la bienvenue;

∎ his speech went down badly/well son discours a été mal/bien reçu;

∎ how will the proposal go down with the students? comment les étudiants vont-ils prendre la proposition?;

∎ that kind of talk doesn't go down well with me je n'apprécie pas du tout ce genre de propos

(i) (lose) être battu;

∎ Mexico went down to Germany le Mexique s'est incliné devant l'Allemagne;

∎ Madrid went down to Milan by three points Milan a battu Madrid de trois points;

∎ I'm not going to go down without a fight je me battrai jusqu'à la fin

(j) (be relegated) descendre;

∎ our team has gone down to the second division notre équipe est descendue en deuxième division

(k) (be noted, recorded) être noté; (in writing) être pris ou couché par écrit;

∎ this day will go down in history ce jour restera une date historique;

∎ she will go down in history as a woman of great courage elle entrera dans l'histoire grâce à son grand courage

(l) (reach as far as) descendre, s'étendre;

∎ this path goes down to the beach ce sentier va ou descend à la plage

(m) (continue as far as) aller, continuer;

∎ go down to the end of the street allez ou continuez jusqu'en bas de la rue

(n) British University entrer dans la période des vacances

(o) Cards (in bridge) chuter

(p) Computing tomber en panne; (of computer network) planter;

∎ the computer's gone down l'ordinateur est en panne

(q) Music (lower pitch) descendre

(r) British familiar (be sent to prison)

∎ how long do you think he'll go down for? il écopera de combien, à ton avis?;

∎ he went down for three years il a écopé de trois ans

(s) American familiar (happen) se passer^□

2 inseparable transitive verb

(hill, stairs, ladder, street) descendre;

∎ my food went down the wrong way j'ai avalé de travers;

∎ Music the pianist went down an octave le pianiste a joué une octave plus bas ou a descendu d'une octave;

∎ British School to go down a class descendre d'une classe;

∎ figurative I don't want to go down that road je ne veux pas m'engager là-dedans

➲ go down on inseparable transitive verb

vulgar (fellate) sucer, tailler ou faire une pipe à; (perform cunnilingus on) sucer, brouter le cresson à

➲ go down with inseparable transitive verb

tomber malade de;

∎ he went down with pneumonia/the flu il a attrapé une pneumonie/la grippe

➲ go for inseparable transitive verb

(a) (fetch) aller chercher;

∎ he went for a doctor il est allé ou parti chercher un médecin

(b) (try to obtain) essayer d'obtenir, viser;

∎ she's going for his job elle va essayer d'obtenir son poste;

∎ familiar go for it! vas-y!;

∎ I'd go for it if I were you! à ta place, je n'hésiterais pas!;

∎ she was really going for it elle donnait vraiment son maximum

(c) (attack → physically) tomber sur, s'élancer sur; (→ verbally) s'en prendre à;

∎ dogs usually go for the throat en général, les chiens attaquent à la gorge;

∎ they went for each other (physically) ils se sont jetés l'un sur l'autre; (verbally) ils s'en sont pris l'un à l'autre;

∎ the newspapers really went for the senator les journaux s'en sont pris au sénateur sans retenue;

∎ go for him! (to dog) attaque!

(d) familiar (like) aimer^□, adorer^□ ;

∎ I don't really go for that idea l'idée ne me dit pas grand-chose;

∎ he really goes for her in a big way il est vraiment fou d'elle

(e) (choose, prefer) choisir, préférer

(f) (apply to, concern) concerner, s'appliquer à;

∎ what I said goes for both of you ce que j'ai dit vaut pour ou s'applique à vous deux;

∎ pollution is a real problem in Paris - that goes for Rome too la pollution pose un énorme problème à Paris - c'est la même chose à Rome;

∎ and the same goes for me et moi aussi

(g) (have as result) servir à;

∎ his twenty years of service went for nothing ses vingt ans de service n'ont servi à rien

(h) (be to the advantage of)

∎ she has a lot going for her elle a beaucoup d'atouts;

∎ that idea hasn't got much going for it frankly cette idée n'est franchement pas très convaincante

➲ go forth intransitive verb archaic or literary

(a) (leave) sortir;

∎ the army went forth into battle l'armée s'est mise en route pour la bataille;

∎ Bible go forth and multiply croissez et multipliez-vous

(b) (be pronounced) être prononcé; (be published) paraître;

∎ the command went forth that… il fut décrété que…

➲ go forward intransitive verb

(s')avancer;

∎ the clocks go forward tomorrow on avance les pendules demain;

∎ if this scheme goes forward… si ce projet est accepté…

➲ go in intransitive verb

(a) (enter) entrer, rentrer;

∎ it's cold - let's go in il fait froid - entrons;

∎ it's too big, it won't go in c'est trop grand, ça ne rentrera pas

(b) (disappear → moon, sun) se cacher

(c) Sport (in cricket) prendre son tour au guichet

(d) Military (attack) attaquer

➲ go in for inseparable transitive verb

(a) (engage in → activity, hobby, sport) pratiquer, faire; (→ occupation) se consacrer à; (→ politics) s'occuper de, faire;

∎ she went in for company law elle s'est lancée dans le droit commercial;

∎ he thought about going in for teaching il a pensé devenir enseignant

(b) familiar (be interested in) s'intéresser à^□ ; (like) aimer^□ ;

∎ I don't go in much for opera je n'aime pas trop l'opéra, l'opéra ne me dit rien;

∎ he goes in for special effects in a big way il est très branché effets spéciaux;

∎ we don't go in for that kind of film nous n'aimons pas ce genre de film;

∎ this publisher doesn't really go in for fiction cet éditeur ne fait pas tellement dans le roman

(c) familiar (use)

∎ they don't go in for injections so much nowadays ils ne sont pas tellement pour les piqûres de nos jours;

∎ why do scientists go in for all that jargon? pourquoi est-ce que les scientifiques utilisent tout ce jargon?

(d) (take part in → competition, race) prendre part à; (→ examination) se présenter à

(e) (apply for → job, position) poser sa candidature à, postuler

➲ go into inseparable transitive verb

(a) (enter → building, house) entrer dans; (→ activity, profession) entrer à ou dans; (→ politics, business) se lancer dans;

∎ she's gone into hospital elle est (r)entrée à l'hôpital;

∎ to go into the army (as profession) devenir militaire de carrière; (as conscript) partir au service;

∎ he went into medicine il a choisi la médecine

(b) (be invested → of effort, money, time)

∎ a lot of care had gone into making her feel at home on s'était donné beaucoup de peine pour la mettre à l'aise;

∎ two months of research went into our report nous avons mis ou investi deux mois de recherche dans notre rapport

(c) (embark on → action) commencer à; (→ explanation, speech) se lancer ou s'embarquer dans, (se mettre à) donner; (→ problem) aborder;

∎ I'll go into the problem of your taxes later j'aborderai le problème de vos impôts plus tard;

∎ the car went into a skid la voiture a commencé à déraper;

∎ to go into hysterics avoir une crise de nerfs;

∎ to go into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire

(d) (examine, investigate) examiner, étudier;

∎ you need to go into the question more deeply vous devez examiner le problème de plus près;

∎ the matter is being gone into l'affaire est à l'étude

(e) (explain in depth) entrer dans;

∎ the essay goes into the moral aspects of the question l'essai aborde les aspects moraux de la question;

∎ I won't go into details je ne vais pas entrer dans les détails;

∎ let's not go into that ne parlons pas de ça

(f) (begin to wear) se mettre à porter;

∎ to go into mourning prendre le deuil

(g) (hit, run into) entrer dans;

∎ a car went into him une voiture lui est rentrée dedans

(h) Computing (file, program) aller dans;

∎ to go into a file aller dans un fichier

➲ go off

1 intransitive verb

(a) (leave) partir, s'en aller;

∎ she went off to work elle est partie travailler;

∎ her husband has gone off and left her son mari l'a quittée;

∎ Theatre the actors went off les acteurs ont quitté la scène

(b) (stop operating → light, radio) s'éteindre; (→ heating) s'éteindre, s'arrêter; (→ pain) partir, s'arrêter;

∎ the electricity went off l'électricité a été coupée

(c) (become activated → bomb, firework) exploser; (→ gun) partir; (→ alarm, alarm clock) sonner;

∎ the grenade went off in her hand la grenade a explosé dans sa main;

∎ the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti;

∎ figurative to go off into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire

(d) (have specified outcome) se passer;

∎ the interview went off badly/well l'entretien s'est mal/bien passé;

∎ her speech went off well son discours a été bien reçu

(e) (fall asleep) s'endormir

(f) British (deteriorate → food) s'avarier, se gâter; (→ milk) tourner; (→ butter) rancir; (→ athlete, sportsperson) perdre sa forme;

∎ the play goes off in the second half la pièce se gâte pendant la seconde partie

2 inseparable transitive verb

British familiar (stop liking) perdre le goût de^□ ;

∎ he's gone off classical music/smoking il n'aime plus la musique classique/fumer, la musique classique/fumer ne l'intéresse plus;

∎ I've gone off the idea cette idée ne me dit plus rien;

∎ she's gone off her boyfriend son copain ne l'intéresse plus;

∎ funny how you can go off people c'est drôle comme on se lasse des gens parfois

➲ go off with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (leave with) partir avec;

∎ he went off with the woman next door il est parti avec la voisine

(b) (make off with) partir avec;

∎ someone has gone off with his keys quelqu'un est parti avec ses clés;

∎ he went off with the jewels il s'est enfui avec les bijoux

➲ go on

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move, proceed) aller; (without stopping) poursuivre son chemin; (after stopping) repartir, se remettre en route;

∎ you go on, I'll catch up allez-y, je vous rattraperai (en chemin);

∎ they went on without us ils sont partis sans nous;

∎ after dinner they went on to Susan's house après le dîner, ils sont allés chez Susan;

∎ we went on home nous sommes rentrés

(b) (continue action) continuer;

∎ she went on (with her) reading elle a continué à ou de lire;

∎ the chairman went on speaking le président a continué son discours;

∎ "and that's not all", he went on "et ce n'est pas tout", a-t-il poursuivi;

∎ you can't go on being a student for ever! tu ne peux pas être étudiant toute ta vie!;

∎ go on looking! cherchez encore!;

∎ go on, ask her vas-y, demande-lui;

∎ familiar go on, be a devil vas-y, laisse-toi tenter!;

∎ go on, I'm listening continuez, je vous écoute;

∎ I can't go on like this! je ne peux plus continuer comme ça!;

∎ if he goes on like this, he'll get fired s'il continue comme ça, il va se faire renvoyer;

∎ their affair has been going on for years leur liaison dure depuis des années;

∎ the party went on into the small hours la soirée s'est prolongée jusqu'à très tôt le matin;

∎ life goes on la vie continue ou va son train;

∎ British familiar go on (with you)! allons, arrête de me faire marcher!;

∎ they have enough (work) to be going on with ils ont du pain sur la planche ou de quoi faire pour le moment;

∎ here's £25 to be going on with voilà 25 livres pour te dépanner

(c) (proceed to another action)

∎ he went on to explain why il a ensuite expliqué pourquoi;

∎ to go on to another question passer à une autre question;

∎ she went on to become a doctor elle est ensuite devenue médecin

(d) (be placed, fit) aller;

∎ the lid goes on this way le couvercle se met comme ça;

∎ I can't get the lid to go on je n'arrive pas à mettre le couvercle;

∎ the cap goes on the other end le bouchon se met ou va sur l'autre bout

(e) (happen, take place) se passer;

∎ what's going on here? qu'est-ce qui se passe ici?;

∎ there was a fight going on il y avait une bagarre;

∎ a lot of cheating goes on during the exams on triche beaucoup pendant les examens;

∎ several conversations were going on at once il y avait plusieurs conversations à la fois;

∎ while the war was going on pendant la guerre

(f) (elapse) passer, s'écouler;

∎ as the week went on au fur et à mesure que la semaine passait;

∎ as time goes on avec le temps, à mesure que le temps passe

(g) familiar (chatter, talk) parler^□, jacasser^□ ;

∎ she does go on! elle n'arrête pas de parler!, c'est un vrai moulin à paroles!;

∎ he goes on and on about politics il parle politique sans cesse;

∎ don't go on about it! ça va, on a compris!;

∎ I don't want to go on about it, but... je ne voudrais pas avoir l'air d'insister, mais...;

∎ what are you going on about now? qu'est-ce que vous racontez?

(h) familiar (act, behave) se conduire^□, se comporter^□ ;

∎ what a way to go on! en voilà des manières!

(i) (start operating → light, radio, television) s'allumer; (→ heating, motor, power) s'allumer, se mettre en marche

(j) Sport (player) prendre sa place, entrer en jeu

(k) Theatre (actor) entrer en scène

(l) (approach)

∎ he's going on for forty il va sur ses quarante ans

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (enter → boat, train) monter dans

(b) (embark on)

∎ to go on a journey/a holiday partir en voyage/en vacances;

∎ to go on a diet se mettre au régime

(c) (be guided by) se laisser guider par, se fonder ou se baser sur;

∎ the detective didn't have much to go on le détective n'avait pas grand-chose sur quoi s'appuyer ou qui puisse le guider;

∎ she goes a lot on instinct elle se fie beaucoup à ou se fonde beaucoup sur son instinct

(d) (approach)

∎ he's going on forty-five il va sur ses quarante-cinq ans;

∎ humorous she's fifteen going on forty-five (wise) elle a quinze ans mais elle est déjà très mûre; (old beyond her years) elle a quinze ans mais elle est vieille avant l'âge

(e) British familiar (usu neg) (appreciate, like) aimer^□ ;

∎ I don't go much on abstract art l'art abstrait ne me dit pas grand-chose

➲ go on at inseparable transitive verb

familiar (criticize) critiquer^□ ; (nag) s'en prendre à^□ ;

∎ the boss went on and on at her at the meeting le patron n'a pas cessé de s'en prendre à elle pendant la réunion;

∎ he's always going on at his wife about money il est toujours sur le dos de sa femme avec les questions d'argent;

∎ I went on at my mother to go and see the doctor j'ai embêté ma mère pour qu'elle aille voir le médecin;

∎ don't go on at me! laisse-moi tranquille!

➲ go out intransitive verb

(a) (leave) sortir;

∎ my parents made us go out of the room mes parents nous ont fait sortir de la pièce ou quitter la pièce;

∎ to go out for a meal aller au restaurant;

∎ to go out to dinner sortir dîner;

∎ to go out for a walk aller se promener, aller faire une promenade;

∎ she's gone out to get a paper elle est sortie (pour) acheter un journal;

∎ they went out to the country ils sont allés ou ils ont fait une sortie à la campagne;

∎ she goes out to work elle travaille en dehors de la maison ou hors de chez elle;

∎ he went out of her life il est sorti de sa vie;

∎ she was dressed to go out (ready to leave) elle était prête à sortir; (dressed up) elle était très habillée

(b) (travel) partir; (emigrate) émigrer;

∎ they went out to Africa (travelled) ils sont partis en Afrique; (emigrated) ils sont partis vivre ou ils ont émigré en Afrique

(c) (date) sortir;

∎ to go out with sb sortir avec qn;

∎ we've been going out together for a month ça fait un mois que nous sortons ensemble

(d) (fire, light) s'éteindre

(e) (disappear) disparaître;

∎ the joy went out of her eyes la joie a disparu de son regard;

∎ the spring went out of his step il a perdu sa démarche légère;

∎ all the heart went out of her elle a perdu courage

(f) (cease to be fashionable) passer de mode, se démoder;

∎ to go out of style/fashion ne plus être le bon style/à la mode;

∎ familiar that hairstyle went out with the ark cette coiffure remonte au déluge

(g) (tide) descendre, se retirer;

∎ the tide has gone out la marée est descendue, la mer s'est retirée;

∎ the tide goes out 6 kilometres la mer se retire sur 6 kilomètres

(h) figurative (set out)

∎ I went out to see for myself j'ai décidé de voir par moi-même;

∎ we have to go out and do something about this il faut que nous prenions des mesures ou que nous fassions quelque chose

(i) (be sent → letter) être envoyé; (be published → brochure, pamphlet) être distribué; (be broadcast → radio or television programme) être diffusé

(j) (feelings, sympathies) aller;

∎ our thoughts go out to all those who suffer nos pensées vont vers tous ceux qui souffrent;

∎ my heart goes out to her je suis de tout cœur avec elle dans son chagrin

(k) Sport (be eliminated) être éliminé;

∎ Agassi went out to Henman Agassi s'est fait sortir par Henman

(l) Cards terminer

(m) familiar (idiom)

∎ she went all out to help us elle a fait tout son possible pour nous aider^□

➲ go over

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move overhead) passer;

∎ I just saw a plane go over je viens de voir passer un avion

(b) (move in particular direction) aller; (cross) traverser;

∎ I went over to see her je suis allé la voir;

∎ they went over to talk to her ils sont allés lui parler;

∎ to go over to Europe aller en Europe

(c) (turn upside down) se retourner; (capsize → boat) chavirer, capoter

(d) (change, switch) changer;

∎ I've gone over to another brand of washing powder je viens de changer de marque de lessive;

∎ when will we go over to the metric system? quand est-ce qu'on va passer au système métrique?

(e) (change allegiance) passer, se joindre;

∎ he's gone over to the Socialists il est passé dans le camp des socialistes;

∎ she went over to the enemy elle est passée à l'ennemi

(f) (be received) passer;

∎ the speech went over badly/well le discours a mal/bien passé

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move, travel over) passer par-dessus;

∎ the horse went over the fence le cheval a sauté (par-dessus) la barrière;

∎ we went over a bump on a pris une bosse

(b) (examine → argument, problem) examiner, considérer; (→ accounts, report) examiner, vérifier;

∎ would you go over my report? voulez-vous regarder mon rapport?

(c) (repeat) répéter; (review → notes, speech) réviser, revoir; (→ facts) récapituler, revoir; School réviser;

∎ she went over the interview in her mind elle a repassé l'entretien dans son esprit;

∎ I kept going over everything leading up to the accident je continuais de repenser à tous les détails qui avaient conduit à l'accident;

∎ let's go over it again reprenons, récapitulons;

∎ he goes over and over the same stories il rabâche les mêmes histoires

(d) (rehearse) refaire; (bars of music) rejouer; (sing) rechanter

(e) Television & Radio

∎ let's go over now to our Birmingham studios passons l'antenne à notre studio de Birmingham;

∎ we're going over live now to Paris nous allons maintenant à Paris où nous sommes en direct

➲ go past inseparable transitive verb

(move in front of) passer devant; (move beyond) dépasser

➲ go round

1 intransitive verb

(a) (be enough)

∎ is there enough cake to go round? est-ce qu'il y a assez de gâteau pour tout le monde?;

∎ to make the food go round ménager la nourriture

(b) (visit) aller;

∎ we went round to his house nous sommes allés chez lui;

∎ I'm going round there later on j'y vais plus tard

(c) (circulate → rumour) circuler, courir; (→ bottle, cold, flu) circuler

(d) (be continuously present → idea, tune)

∎ that song keeps going round in my head j'ai cette chanson dans la tête

(e) (spin → wheel) tourner;

∎ figurative my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne

(f) (make a detour) faire un détour;

∎ to go round the long way faire un long détour

2 inseparable transitive verb

(tour → museum) faire le tour de;

∎ I hate going round the shops j'ai horreur de faire les boutiques

➲ go through

1 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (crowd, tunnel) traverser;

∎ figurative a shiver went through her un frisson l'a parcourue ou traversée

(b) (endure, experience) subir, souffrir;

∎ he's going through hell c'est l'enfer pour lui;

∎ we all have to go through it sometime on doit tous y passer un jour ou l'autre;

∎ I can't face going through all that again je ne supporterais pas de passer par là une deuxième fois;

∎ after everything she's gone through après tout ce qu'elle a subi ou enduré;

∎ we've gone through a lot together nous avons vécu beaucoup de choses ensemble

(c) (consume, use up → supplies) épuiser; (→ money) dépenser; (→ food) consommer; (wear out) user;

∎ she goes through a pair of tights a week elle use une paire de collants par semaine;

∎ I've gone through the toes of my socks j'ai usé ou troué mes chaussettes au bout;

∎ humorous how many assistants has he gone through now? combien d'assistants a-t-il déjà eus?;

∎ his novel has gone through six editions il y a déjà eu six éditions de son roman

(d) (examine → accounts, document) examiner, vérifier; (→ list, proposal) éplucher; (→ mail) dépouiller; (→ drawer, pockets) fouiller (dans); (→ files) chercher dans; (sort) trier;

∎ we went through the contract together nous avons regardé ou examiné le contrat ensemble;

∎ did customs go through your suitcase? est-ce qu'ils ont fouillé votre valise à la douane?;

∎ he went through her pockets il a fouillé ses poches

(e) (of bill, law) être voté;

∎ the bill went through Parliament last week le projet de loi a été voté la semaine dernière au Parlement

(f) (carry out, perform → movement, work) faire; (→ formalities) remplir, accomplir;

∎ Music let's go through the introduction again reprenons l'introduction;

∎ we had to go through the whole business of applying for a visa nous avons dû nous farcir toutes les démarches pour obtenir un visa

(g) (participate in → course of study) étudier; (→ ceremony) participer à

(h) (practise → lesson, poem) réciter; (→ role, scene) répéter;

∎ let's go through it again from the beginning reprenons dès le début

2 intransitive verb

(a) (travel through, penetrate) passer, traverser

(b) (offer, proposal) être accepté; (business deal) être conclu, se faire; (bill, law) passer, être voté; (divorce) être prononcé;

∎ the adoption finally went through l'adoption s'est faite finalement

➲ go through with inseparable transitive verb

∎ to go through with sth aller jusqu'au bout de qch, exécuter qch;

∎ he'll never go through with it il n'ira jamais jusqu'au bout;

∎ they went through with their threat ils ont exécuté leur menace

➲ go together intransitive verb

(a) (colours, flavours) aller bien ensemble; (characteristics, ideas) aller de pair;

∎ the two things often go together les deux choses vont souvent de pair

(b) American (people) sortir ensemble

➲ go towards inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move towards) aller vers

(b) (effort, money) être consacré à;

∎ all her energy went towards fighting illiteracy elle a dépensé toute son énergie à combattre l'analphabétisme

➲ go under

1 intransitive verb

(a) (go down → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)

(b) figurative (fail → business) couler, faire faillite; (→ project) couler, échouer; (→ person) échouer, sombrer

(c) (under anaesthetic) s'endormir

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move, travel underneath) passer par-dessous

(b) (be known)

∎ to go under a false/different name utiliser ou prendre un faux nom/un nom différent;

∎ a glue that goes under the name of Stikit une colle qui s'appelle Stikit

➲ go up

1 intransitive verb

(a) (ascend, climb → person) monter, aller en haut; (→ lift) monter;

∎ to go up to town aller en ville;

∎ I'm going up to bed je monte me coucher;

∎ have you ever gone up in an aeroplane? êtes-vous déjà monté en avion?;

∎ going up! (in lift) on monte!;

∎ to go up in the world faire son chemin

(b) (increase → amount, numbers) augmenter, croître; (→ price) monter, augmenter; (→ temperature) monter, s'élever;

∎ rents are going up les loyers sont en hausse;

∎ meat is going up (in price) (le prix de) la viande augmente;

∎ to go up in sb's estimation monter dans l'estime de qn

(c) (sudden noise) s'élever;

∎ a shout went up un cri s'éleva

(d) (appear → notices, posters) apparaître; (be built) être construit;

∎ new buildings are going up all over town de nouveaux immeubles surgissent dans toute la ville

(e) (explode, be destroyed) sauter, exploser

(f) Music (raise pitch) monter

(g) Theatre (curtain) se lever;

∎ before the curtain goes up avant le lever du rideau

(h) British University entrer à l'université;

∎ she went up to Oxford in 1950 elle est entrée à Oxford en 1950

(i) American familiar (be sent to prison)

∎ he went up for murder il a fait de la taule pour meurtre

(j) Sport (be promoted)

∎ they look set to go up to the First Division ils ont l'air prêts à entrer en première division

2 inseparable transitive verb

monter;

∎ to go up a hill/ladder monter une colline/sur une échelle;

∎ Music the pianist went up an octave le pianiste a monté d'une octave;

∎ British School to go up a class monter d'une classe

➲ go up to inseparable transitive verb

(a) (approach)

∎ to go up to sb/sth se diriger vers qn/qch;

∎ the path goes up to the front door le chemin mène à la porte d'entrée

(b) (go as far as)

∎ the book only goes up to the end of the war le livre ne va que jusqu'à la fin de la guerre;

∎ I will go up to £100 je veux bien aller jusqu'à 100 livres

➲ go with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (accompany, escort) accompagner, aller avec;

∎ figurative to go with the crowd suivre la foule ou le mouvement;

∎ you have to go with the times il faut vivre avec son temps

(b) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller avec;

∎ that hat doesn't go with your suit ce chapeau ne va pas avec ton ensemble;

∎ a white Burgundy goes well with snails le bourgogne blanc se marie bien ou va bien avec les escargots

(c) (be part of) aller avec;

∎ the flat goes with the job l'appartement va avec le poste;

∎ the sense of satisfaction that goes with having done a good job le sentiment de satisfaction qu'apporte le travail bien fait;

∎ mathematical ability usually goes with skill at chess des capacités en mathématiques vont souvent de pair avec un don pour les échecs

(d) familiar (spend time with) sortir avec^□ ;

∎ euphemism he's been going with other women (having sex) il a été avec d'autres femmes

➲ go without

1 inseparable transitive verb

se passer de, se priver de;

∎ he went without sleep or without sleeping for two days il n'a pas dormi pendant deux jours

2 intransitive verb

s'en passer;

∎ we'll just have to go without il faudra s'en passer, c'est tout

ⓘ Do not pass go, (do not collect £200/$200) Au Monopoly les joueurs tirent parfois une carte qui les envoie sur la case "prison". Sur cette carte sont inscrits les mots do not pass go, do not collect £200 (ou bien do not collect $200 s'il s'agit de la version américaine). Cette phrase, dont la version française est "ne passez pas par la case départ, ne recevez pas 20 000 francs", est utilisée de façon allusive et sur le mode humoristique dans différents contextes: on dira par exemple you do that again and you're going straight to jail, Bill. Do not pass go, do not collect $200 ("refais ça, Bill, et je t'assure que tu iras droit en prison). On peut également utiliser cette expression lorsque quelqu'un essaie de mener un projet à bien mais rencontre des obstacles: the country is trying hard to get back on its feet but because of the civil war it has not even been allowed to pass go, let alone collect £200 ("le pays fait de son mieux pour se rétablir mais la guerre civile n'arrange rien, bien au contraire").

ⓘ Go ahead, make my day C'est la formule prononcée par l'inspecteur Harry Callahan (incarné par Clint Eastwood) dans le film Sudden Impact (1983) lorsqu'il se trouve confronté à un gangster. Il s'agit d'une façon d'encourager le bandit à se servir de son arme afin de pouvoir l'abattre en état de légitime défense: "allez, vas-y, fais-moi plaisir". On utilise cette formule par allusion au film et en réaction à une personne qui vient de proférer des menaces. Ainsi, le président Reagan s'en servit en s'adressant à des travailleurs qui menaçaient de se mettre en grève.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > go
12 home

1. noun
1) Heim, das; (flat) Wohnung, die; (house) Haus, das; (household) [Eltern]haus, das

my home is in Leeds — ich bin in Leeds zu Hause od. wohne in Leeds

a home of one's own — ein eigenes Zuhause

leave/have left home — aus dem Haus gehen/sein

live at home — im Elternhaus wohnen

they had no home/homes [of their own] — sie hatten kein Zuhause

at home — zu Hause; (not abroad) im Inland

be/feel at home — (fig.) sich wohl fühlen

make somebody feel at home — es jemandem behaglich machen

make yourself at home — fühl dich wie zu Hause

he is quite at home in French — er ist im Französischen ganz gut zu Hause

home from home — zweites Zuhause

2) (fig.)

to take an example nearer home,... — um ein Beispiel zu nehmen, das uns näher liegt,...

3) (native country) die Heimat

at home — zu Hause; in der Heimat

4) (institution) Heim, das; (coll.): (mental home) Anstalt, die (salopp)
2. adjective
1) (connected with home) Haus-; Haushalts[gerät usw.]

2) (done at home) häuslich; Selbst[backen, homebrauen usw.]

3) (in the neighbourhood of home) nahe gelegen

4) (Sport) Heim[spiel, -sieg, -mannschaft]; [Anhänger, Spieler] der Heimmannschaft

home ground — eigener Platz

5) (not foreign) [ein]heimisch; inländisch
3. adverb
1) (to home) nach Hause

on one's way home — auf dem Weg nach Hause od. Nachhauseweg

he takes home £200 a week after tax — er verdient 200 Pfund netto in der Woche

nothing to write home about — (coll.) nichts Besonderes od. Aufregendes

2) (arrived at home) zu Hause

be home and dry — (fig.) aus dem Schneider sein (ugs.)

3) (as far as possible)

push home — [ganz] hineinschieben [Schublade]; ausnutzen [Vorteil]

press home — [ganz] hinunterdrücken [Hebel]; forcieren [Angriff]; [voll] ausnutzen [Vorteil]

drive home — [ganz] einschlagen [Nagel]

4)

come or get home to somebody — (become fully realized) jemandem in vollem Ausmaß bewusst werden; see also academic.ru/62935/roost">roost 1.
4. intransitive verb
1) [Vogel usw.:] zurückkehren

2) (be guided)

these missiles home [in] on their targets — diese Flugkörper suchen sich (Dat.) ihr Ziel

3)

home in/on something — (fig.) etwas herausgreifen

* * *
[həum] 1. noun
1) (the house, town, country etc where a person etc usually lives: I work in London but my home is in Bournemouth; When I retire, I'll make my home in Bournemouth; Africa is the home of the lion; We'll have to find a home for the kitten.) die Heimat

2) (the place from which a person, thing etc comes originally: America is the home of jazz.) die Heimat

3) (a place where children without parents, old people, people who are ill etc live and are looked after: an old folk's home; a nursing home.) das Heim

4) (a place where people stay while they are working: a nurses' home.) das Heim

5) (a house: Crumpy Construction build fine homes for fine people; He invited me round to his home.) die Wohnung
2. adjective
1) (of a person's home or family: home comforts.) häuslich

2) (of the country etc where a person lives: home produce.) einheimisch

3) ((in football) playing or played on a team's own ground: the home team; a home game.) Heim-...
3. adverb
1) (to a person's home: I'm going home now; Hallo - I'm home!) nach, zu Hause

2) (completely; to the place, position etc a thing is intended to be: He drove the nail home; Few of his punches went home; These photographs of the war brought home to me the suffering of the soldiers.) bis ans Ziel, jemandem etwas klarmachen

•

- homeless
- homely
- homeliness
- homing
- home-coming
- home-grown
- homeland
- home-made
- home rule
- homesick
- homesickness
- homestead
- home truth
- homeward
- homewards
- homeward
- homework
- at home
- be/feel at home
- home in on
- leave home
- make oneself at home
- nothing to write home about
* * *

home

[həʊm, AM hoʊm]

I. n

1. (abode) Zuhause nt

haven't you got a \home to go to? ( iron) hast du [denn] kein Zuhause? iron

away from \home auswärts

to be away from \home von zu Hause weg sein

to come straight from \home direkt von zu Hause kommen

to be a \home from [or AM, AUS away from] \home ein zweites Zuhause sein

to be \home to sb/sth:

the city is \home to about 700 refugees in der Stadt wohnen ca. 700 Flüchtlinge

the museum is \home to a large collection of manuscripts das Museum besitzt eine große Manuskriptensammlung

to be not at \home to sb für jdn nicht zu sprechen sein

to give sb/an animal a \home jdm/einem Tier ein Zuhause geben

to leave \home ausziehen; child das Elternhaus verlassen, von zu Hause ausziehen

to make a country/town one's \home sich in einer Stadt/einem Land niederlassen

to make oneself at \home es sich dat gemütlich machen

to set up \home sich akk häuslich niederlassen

to work from \home zu Hause [o von zu Hause aus] arbeiten

at \home, in one's [own] \home, in the \home zu Hause, zuhause ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ

2. (house) Haus nt; (flat) Wohnung f

luxury \home Luxusheim nt

starter \home erstes eigenes Heim

to move \home umziehen

3. (family) Zuhause nt kein pl

to come from a broken \home aus zerrütteten Familienverhältnissen stammen, aus einem kaputten Zuhause kommen fam

to come from a good \home aus gutem Hause kommen geh

happy \home glückliches Zuhause

4. (institute) Heim nt

old people's \home Altersheim nt

5. (place of origin) Heimat f; (of people also) Zuhause nt kein pl

England feels like \home to me now ich fühle mich inzwischen in England zu Hause

at \home in der Heimat, zu Hause

at \home and abroad im In- und Ausland

6. SPORT (home ground)

to loose/win away from \home auswärts verlieren/gewinnen

to play at \home zu Hause spielen

7. (finish) Ziel nt

8. (win) Heimsieg m

9. no pl COMPUT (for the cursor) Ausgangsstellung f; (on the key)

“\home” „Pos. 1“

10.

▶ who's he/she when he's/she's at \home? ( fam) wer, bitteschön, ist er/sie [denn] überhaupt?

▶ charity begins at \home ( prov) man muss zuerst an die eigene Familie denken

▶ to be close [or near] to \home:

that remark was close to \home das hat richtig gesessen fam

▶ to eat sb out of house and \home ( fam) jdm die Haare vom Kopf fressen fam

▶ an Englishman's \home is his castle ( prov) dem Engländer bedeutet sein Zuhause sehr viel

▶ to be [or feel] at \home with sb sich akk bei jdm wohl fühlen

▶ \home is where the heart is ( prov) Zuhause ist, wo das Herz zu Hause ist

▶ there's no place like \home ( prov) daheim ist's doch am schönsten

▶ \home sweet \home ( saying) trautes Heim, Glück allein

II. adv inv

1. (at one's abode) zu Hause, zuhause ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ, daheim bes SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ; (to one's abode) nach Hause, nachhause ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ

are you \home this afternoon? bist du heute Nachmittag zu Hause?

hello! I'm \home! hallo! ich bin wieder da!

on my way \home auf dem Nachhauseweg

to come/go \home nach Hause kommen/gehen

2. (to one's origin)

to go/return \home in seine Heimat zurückgehen/zurückkehren

to send sb \home jdn zurück in die [o seine] Heimat schicken

3. (to sb's understanding)

the danger really came \home to me when I... die Gefahr wurde mir erst richtig bewusst, als ich...

to bring sth \home [to sb] [jdm] etw klarmachen

to drive [or hammer] [or ram] it \home that... unmissverständlich klarmachen, dass...

she really drove \home the message that we need to economize sie machte uns unmissverständlich klar, dass wir sparen müssen

sth hit [or went] \home etw hat gesessen fam

her remarks really hit \home ihre Bemerkungen haben echt gesessen! fam

to push [or press] \home ⇆ sth etw dat [besonderen] Nachdruck verleihen

4. (to a larger extent)

she pressed \home her attack on his bishop sie verstärkte den Angriff auf seinen Läufer

to push \home an advantage [or an advantage \home] einen Vorteil ausnutzen

5. (to its final position)

to push the bolt \home den Türriegel vorschieben

to hit [or strike] \home missile das Ziel treffen

to press/screw sth \home etw gut festdrücken/festschrauben

6. SPORT (finish)

to get \home das Ziel erreichen

7.

▶ to bring \home the bacon ( fam) die Brötchen verdienen fam

▶ until [or till] the cows come \home ( fam) bis in alle Ewigkeit

I could drink this wine till the cows come \home diesen Wein könnte ich endlos weitertrinken fam

▶ to be \home and dry [or AUS hosed], AM to be \home free seine Schäfchen ins Trockene gebracht haben fig fam

▶ it's nothing to write \home about es ist nicht gerade umwerfend [o haut einen nicht gerade vom Hocker] fam

▶ \home, James[, and don't spare the horses]! ( dated or hum) so schnell wie nur möglich nach Hause!

III. vi ( fam)

1. (find its aim) [selbstständig] sein Ziel finden; (move) sein Ziel ansteuern

▪ to \home in on sth (find its aim) sich [selbstständig] auf etw akk ausrichten; (move) genau auf etw akk zusteuern

2. (focus)

▪ to \home in on sth [sich dat] etw herausgreifen

* * *
[həʊm]
1. n

1) (= where one lives) Zuhause nt, Heim nt; (= house) Haus nt; (= country, area etc) Heimat f

a loving/good home — ein liebevolles/gutes Zuhause

gifts for the home — Geschenke pl für das Haus or die Wohnung

a useful gadget to have in your home — ein sehr praktisches Gerät für den Haushalt

his home is in Brussels — er ist in Brüssel zu Hause

Bournemouth is his second home — Bournemouth ist seine zweite Heimat (geworden)

haven't you got a home to go to? — hast du kein Zuhause?

he invited us round to his home — er hat uns zu sich (nach Hause) eingeladen

away from home — von zu Hause weg

a long way from home — weit von zu Hause weg or entfernt; (in different country also) weit von der Heimat entfernt

to live away from home — nicht zu Hause wohnen

he worked away from home — er hat auswärts gearbeitet

let's concentrate on problems closer to home — wir sollten uns auf unsere eigenen Probleme konzentrieren

to have a home of one's own — ein eigenes Heim or Zuhause haben

to find a home for sb/an animal — ein Zuhause für jdn/ein Tier finden

does this hammer have a home? (hum) —

I'll give that picture a home — bei mir wird das Bild einen guten Platz finden or haben

it's a home from home — es ist wie zu Hause

at home — zu Hause; (Comm) im Inland; (Sport) auf eigenem Platz

the next match will be at home —

Miss Hooper is not at home today Miss Hooper is not at home to anyone today — Frau Hooper ist heute nicht zu Hause or nicht da Frau Hooper ist heute für niemanden zu Hause or zu sprechen

who's he when he's at home? (inf) — wer in aller Welt ist er?

to be or feel at home with sb — sich in jds Gegenwart (dat) wohlfühlen

he doesn't feel at home with English — er fühlt sich im Englischen nicht sicher or zu Hause

I don't feel at home with this new theory yet — ich komme mit dieser neuen Theorie noch nicht ganz zurecht

to make oneself at home — es sich (dat) gemütlich or bequem machen

to make sb feel at home — es jdm gemütlich machen

to leave home — von zu Hause weggehen

Scotland is the home of the haggis — Schottland ist die Heimat des Haggis, das Haggis ist in Schottland zu Hause

the city/this building is home to some 1,500 students — in dieser Stadt/diesem Gebäude wohnen etwa 1.500 Studenten or sind etwa 1.500 Studenten zu Hause

there's no place like home (Prov) — daheim ist daheim (prov), eigener Herd ist Goldes wert (Prov)

home sweet home (Prov) — trautes Heim, Glück allein (Prov)

2) (= institution) Heim nt; (for orphans) Waisenhaus nt, Heim nt; (for blind) Heim nt, Anstalt f → nursing home

See:

→ nursing home

3) (ZOOL, BOT) Heimat f

4) (SPORT) (= base) Mal nt; (RACING) Ziel nt

2. adv

1) (position) zu Hause, zuhause (Aus, Sw), daheim; (with verb of motion) nach Hause, nachhause (Aus, Sw), heim

to go home (to house) — nach Hause or (Aus, Sw) nachhause gehen/fahren; (to country) heimfahren

on the way home —

the first runner home — der Erste, der durchs Ziel geht

the first runner home was Fred — Fred ging als Erster durchs Ziel

to get home — nach Hause or (Aus, Sw) nachhause kommen, heimkommen; (in race) durchs Ziel gehen

I have to get home before ten — ich muss vor zehn zu Hause or (Aus, Sw) zuhause or daheim sein

to return home from abroad — aus dem Ausland zurückkommen

2)

(= to the mark) to drive a nail home — einen Nagel einschlagen

he nudged the ball home (Ftbl) — er schob den Ball ins Tor

to bring or get sth home to sb — jdm etw klarmachen or beibringen

it came home to him that... — es wurde ihm klar, dass...

to strike home (torpedo etc) — treffen; ( fig : remark ) ins Schwarze treffen, sitzen (inf)

See:

→ drive home, hammer home, hit, press, push

3. vi
(pigeons) heimkehren
* * *

home [həʊm]

A s

1. Heim n:

a) Haus n, (eigene) Wohnung

b) Zuhause n, Daheim n

c) Elternhaus n:

at home zu Hause, daheim (beide, auch SPORT)( → A 2);

at home in ( oder on, with) zu Hause in (einem Fachgebiet etc), bewandert in (dat), vertraut mit;

be at home in London in London zu Hause sein;

not be at home (to sb) nicht zu sprechen sein (für jemanden);

feel at home sich wie zu Hause fühlen;

make o.s. at home es sich bequem machen; tun, als ob man zu Hause wäre;

he made his home at er ließ sich in (dat) nieder;

leave home von zu Hause fortgehen;

work from home von zu Hause aus arbeiten;

away from home abwesend, verreist, besonders SPORT auswärts;

a home from home, US a home away from home ein Ort, an dem man sich wie zu Hause fühlt;

pleasures of home häusliche Freuden

2. Heimat f ( auch BOT, ZOOL und fig), Geburts-, Vaterland n:

the US is the home of baseball die USA sind die Heimat des Baseball;

at home

a) im Lande, in der Heimat,

b) im Inland, daheim,

c) im (englischen) Mutterland ( → A 1);

at home and abroad im In- und Ausland;

Paris is his second home Paris ist seine zweite Heimat;

a letter from home ein Brief aus der Heimat oder von zu Hause

3. (ständiger oder jetziger) Wohnort, Heimatort m:

he has made London his home er hat sich in London niedergelassen

4. Zufluchtsort m:

last ( oder long) home letzte Ruhestätte

5. Heim n:

home for the aged Alters-, Altenheim;

home for the blind Blindenheim, -anstalt f; → children, orphan A

6. SPORT Ziel n

7. SPORT

a) Heimspiel n

b) Heimsieg m

B adj

1. Heim…:

a) häuslich

b) zu Haus ausgeübt:

home banking COMPUT etc Homebanking n (Abwicklung von Bankgeschäften von zu Hause aus);

home circle Familienkreis m;

home computer Homecomputer m (kleinerer Computer für den häuslichen Anwendungsbereich);

home cooking das Kochen zu Hause;

home difficulties häusliche Schwierigkeiten;

home life häusliches Leben, Familienleben n;

home mechanic Bastler(in), Heimwerker(in);

home remedy Hausmittel n

2. Heimat…:

home city;

home port;

home address Heimat- oder Privatanschrift f;

home fleet SCHIFF Flotte f in Heimatgewässern;

home forces MIL im Heimatland stationierte Streitkräfte;

home waters SCHIFF heimatliche Gewässer

3. einheimisch, inländisch, Inlands…, Binnen…:

home affairs POL innere Angelegenheiten, Innenpolitik f;

home demand WIRTSCH Inlandsbedarf m;

home market WIRTSCH Inlands-, Binnenmarkt m;

home trade WIRTSCH Binnenhandel m

4. SPORT

a) Heim…:

home advantage (defeat, game, team, win, etc);

home record Heimbilanz f;

home strength Heimstärke f;

home weakness Heimschwäche f

b) Ziel…: → home straight

5. TECH Normal…:

home position

6. Rück…:

home freight

7. a) gezielt, wirkungsvoll (Schlag etc)

b) fig treffend, beißend (Bemerkung etc):

home question gezielte oder peinliche Frage; → home thrust, home truth

C adv

1. heim, nach Hause:

the way home der Heimweg;

go home heimgehen, nach Hause gehen ( → C 3);

take home netto verdienen oder bekommen;

that’s nothing to write home about umg das ist nichts Besonderes oder nicht so toll oder nicht gerade berauschend, darauf brauchst du dir nichts einzubilden; → come home, get C 1

2. zu Hause, daheim:

welcome home!;

be home and dry Br umg

a) in Sicherheit sein,

b) hundertprozentig sicher sein

3. fig

a) ins Ziel oder Schwarze

b) im Ziel, im Schwarzen

c) bis zum Ausgangspunkt

d) so weit wie möglich, ganz:

bring ( oder drive) sth home to sb jemandem etwas klarmachen oder beibringen oder zum Bewusstsein bringen oder vor Augen führen;

bring a charge home to sb jemanden überführen;

drive a nail home einen Nagel fest einschlagen;

go ( oder get, strike) home sitzen umg, treffen, seine Wirkung tun ( → C 1);

the thrust went home der Hieb saß

D v/i

1. besonders ZOOL zurückkehren

2. FLUG

a) (mittels Leitstrahl) das Ziel anfliegen:

home on ( oder in) a beam einem Leitstrahl folgen

b) automatisch auf ein Ziel zusteuern (Rakete):

home in on ein Ziel automatisch ansteuern, fig sich sofort etwas herausgreifen

E v/t ein Flugzeug (mittels Radar) einweisen, herunterholen umg

* * *
1. noun
1) Heim, das; (flat) Wohnung, die; (house) Haus, das; (household) [Eltern]haus, das

my home is in Leeds — ich bin in Leeds zu Hause od. wohne in Leeds

a home of one's own — ein eigenes Zuhause

leave/have left home — aus dem Haus gehen/sein

live at home — im Elternhaus wohnen

they had no home/homes [of their own] — sie hatten kein Zuhause

at home — zu Hause; (not abroad) im Inland

be/feel at home — (fig.) sich wohl fühlen

make somebody feel at home — es jemandem behaglich machen

make yourself at home — fühl dich wie zu Hause

he is quite at home in French — er ist im Französischen ganz gut zu Hause

home from home — zweites Zuhause

2) (fig.)

to take an example nearer home,... — um ein Beispiel zu nehmen, das uns näher liegt,...

3) (native country) die Heimat

at home — zu Hause; in der Heimat

4) (institution) Heim, das; (coll.): (mental home) Anstalt, die (salopp)
2. adjective
1) (connected with home) Haus-; Haushalts[gerät usw.]

2) (done at home) häuslich; Selbst[backen, homebrauen usw.]

3) (in the neighbourhood of home) nahe gelegen

4) (Sport) Heim[spiel, -sieg, -mannschaft]; [Anhänger, Spieler] der Heimmannschaft

home ground — eigener Platz

5) (not foreign) [ein]heimisch; inländisch
3. adverb
1) (to home) nach Hause

on one's way home — auf dem Weg nach Hause od. Nachhauseweg

he takes home £200 a week after tax — er verdient 200 Pfund netto in der Woche

nothing to write home about — (coll.) nichts Besonderes od. Aufregendes

2) (arrived at home) zu Hause

be home and dry — (fig.) aus dem Schneider sein (ugs.)

3) (as far as possible)

push home — [ganz] hineinschieben [Schublade]; ausnutzen [Vorteil]

press home — [ganz] hinunterdrücken [Hebel]; forcieren [Angriff]; [voll] ausnutzen [Vorteil]

drive home — [ganz] einschlagen [Nagel]

4)

come or get home to somebody — (become fully realized) jemandem in vollem Ausmaß bewusst werden; see also roost 1.
4. intransitive verb
1) [Vogel usw.:] zurückkehren

2) (be guided)

these missiles home [in] on their targets — diese Flugkörper suchen sich (Dat.) ihr Ziel

3)

home in/on something — (fig.) etwas herausgreifen

* * *

adj.

heimwärts adj.

nach Hause ausdr. adv.

nach Hause ausdr. n.

Haus Häuser n.

Heim -e n.

Zuhause n.

English-german dictionary > home
13 be

I [biː] гл., прош. вр. 1 л., 3 л. ед. was, 2 л. ед., мн. were, прич. прош. вр. been
1) быть; быть живым, жить; существовать

I think, therefore I am. — Я мыслю, следовательно, существую.

Tyrants and sycophants have been and are. — Тираны и подхалимы были и есть.

So much that was not is beginning to be. — Так много из того, чего раньше не было, появляется.

Content to be and to be well. — Он доволен, что жив, и что у него всё неплохо.

- be before one's time

Syn:

exist, live

2) происходить, случаться, иметь место

Be it as it may. — Будь как будет.

When is the wedding to be? — Когда будет свадьба?

The flower-show was last week. — На прошлой неделе была выставка цветов.

Syn:

take place, happen, occur

3) занимать (какое-л. место, положение); находиться (где-л.), принимать (какую-л.) позу или позицию

to be at home — находиться дома

I'm sorry, Mr Baker is not at home; can I take a message? — Мистера Бейкера нет дома, что-нибудь передать ему?

Your book is here, under the table. — Да вот твоя книжка, под столом.

You shall be beside me in the church. — Ты будешь стоять рядом со мной в церкви.

The bank is between the shoe shop and the post office. — Банк расположен между почтой и обувным магазином.

The valley where we live is beyond the mountains. — Долина, в которой мы живём, расположена за этими горами.

Is Mary down yet? Her eggs are getting cold. — Разве Мэри ещё не спустилась (к завтраку)? Её яичница остывает.

We must try to be away by 8 o'clock. — Нужно попытаться к 8 часам уже уйти.

There's nobody about, you'd better come back later. — Сейчас никого нет, может быть, вам лучше зайти попозже?

Jim is about somewhere, if you'd like to wait. — Джим где-то поблизости, вы можете подождать.

There's a branch above you - can you reach it? — Над тобой ветка, достанешь до неё?

The captain of a ship is above a seaman. — Звание капитана корабля выше звания матроса.

Jim was abreast of the leading runner for a few minutes but then fell behind. — Сначала Джим бежал наравне с лидером, но потом отстал.

Will you be around this time next year? — Вы приедете сюда на следующий год?

When all your toys are away, I will read you a story. — Я почитаю тебе сказку, если ты уберёшь на место все игрушки.

The hotel is on the upper floors, and the shops are below. — Гостиница расположена на верхних этажах, а магазин - ниже.

The home of a rabbit is usually beneath the ground. — Кролики обычно роют свои норки в земле.

Long skirts will be back next year. — В следующем году в моде снова будут длинные юбки.

So many children are away this week with colds. — На этой неделе многие дети отсутствуют по болезни.

When I returned from the police station, the jewels were back in their box; the thieves must have got frightened and replaced them. — Когда я вернулась домой из полиции, драгоценности снова были в шкатулке. Должно быть, воры испугались и положили их обратно.

Your letters are behind the clock, where I always put them. — Твои письма за часами; там, куда я всегда кладу их.

4) находиться в (каком-л.) состоянии; обладать (каким-л.) качеством

to be afraid — страшиться, бояться, трусить; опасаться

to be amazed / astonished — изумляться, удивляться

to be frightened / startled — пугаться

to be indignant — негодовать, возмущаться; обижаться, сердиться

to be slow / tardy — медлить, мешкать; опаздывать, запаздывать; отставать

to be stuffed — объедаться, переедать

to be fused into a frozen mass — смерзаться

to be remorseful — раскаиваться; сокрушаться; каяться, сожалеть

to be hard at work — усердно работать

to be in a hurry — спешить, торопиться

to be lenient — попустительствовать, потакать, потворствовать

to be mistaken — заблуждаться, ошибаться

to be asleep — спать

to be at an end — заканчиваться, подходить к концу

to be in harmony — гармонировать

My patience is at an end, I can listen to her complaints no longer. — Моё терпение лопнуло, я больше не могу слушать её жалобы.

It's quite dark, it must be after 10 o'clock. — Уже довольно темно, сейчас, должно быть, около 10 часов.

Proposals that have been under deliberation. — Предложения, которые рассматривались.

5) ( have been) побывать (где-л.)

Where have you been? I've just been about the town. — Где ты был? Гулял по городу.

Syn:

go, visit

6) оставаться, пребывать (в каком-л. состоянии); не меняться, продолжать быть, как раньше

Let things be. — Пусть всё будет как есть.

Let me be! — Оставьте меня в покое!

Syn:

remain, continue

7) иметь место ( о совокупности условий), являться

to be oneself — быть самим собой

Being they are Church-men, we may rather suspect... — Имея в виду, что они священники, можно подозревать…

What is your new book about? — О чём ваша новая книга?

8) принадлежать (кому-л.), относиться ( к чему-л); сопровождать, сопутствовать

Well is him that hath (= has) found prudence. — Благо тому, кто стал благоразумен.

Good fortune be with you. — Пусть удача сопутствует тебе.

Syn:

attend, befall, belong

9) (there + личная форма от be) иметься, наличествовать

There is some cheese in the fridge. — В холодильнике есть немного сыра.

There are many problems with her essay. — С её эссе много проблем.

10) в роли связки в составном сказуемом

а) означать, значить; быть эквивалентным чему-л.

To fall was to die. — Упасть означало умереть.

I'll tell you what it is, you must leave. — Я тебе скажу, в чём дело - тебе уходить пора.

State is me. — Государство это я.

Let thinking be reasoning. — Будем считать, что думать значит размышлять.

б) занимать место в ряду; характеризоваться признаками

Only by being man can we know man. — Только будучи людьми мы можем познать человека.

He was of Memphis. — Он был из Мемфиса.

The coat was below fifty dollars! — Пальто стоило меньше пятидесяти долларов!

в) иметь значение, быть значимым

Is it nothing to you? —Это ничего для тебя не значит?

11) (if … were / was to do smth.) если бы … имело место ( сослагательное наклонение)

If I were to propose, would you accept? — Если бы я сделал тебе предложение, ты бы согласилась?

12) (be to do smth.) быть обязанным сделать (что-л.; выражает долженствование)

The president is to arrive at 9.30. — Президент должен приехать в 9.30.

You are not to leave before I say so. — Ты не должен уходить, пока я тебе не разрешу.

I was this morning to buy silk for a nightcap. — Тем утром мне нужно было сходить купить шёлка на ночной колпак.

He is to go home. — Он должен пойти домой.

13) (be + about to do smth.) собираться (сделать что-л.)

He is about to go. — Он собирается уходить.

The water is about to boil. — Вода вот-вот закипит.

Syn:

mean, propose, contemplate

14) ( be about) делать, исполнять; заниматься (чем-л.)

What are you about? I'm about my business. — Чем вы сейчас занимаетесь? У меня свой бизнес.

15) ( be above) быть безупречным, вне подозрений, выше критики

Her action during the fire was above reproach. — Её поведение во время пожара было безупречным.

The chairman's decision is not above criticism. — С решением председателя можно поспорить.

16) ( be after)

а) преследовать (кого-л.)

Why is the dog running so fast? He's after rabbits. — Почему собака так быстро бежит? Она гонится за кроликом.

Quick, hide me, the police are after me! — Спрячь меня скорее, за мной гонится полиция.

б) стараться получить (что-л.)

Jim is after another job. — Джим хочет устроиться на другую работу.

Don't marry him, he's only after your money. — Не выходи за него замуж, ему нужны только твои деньги.

She's been after me for a year to buy her a new coat. — Она целый год приставала ко мне, чтобы ей купили новое пальто.

в) разг. журить, бранить; ругать

She's always after the children for one thing or another. — Она всегда за что-нибудь ругает детей.

17) ( be against)

а) противостоять (кому-л. / чему-л.)

Driving without seat belts may soon be against the law. — Вести машину непристёгнутым скоро может стать нарушением правил.

Father was against (his daughter) marrying young. — Отец был против того, чтобы дочь выходила замуж в юном возрасте.

б) противоречить (чему-л.)

Lying is against my principles. — Ложь противоречит моим жизненным принципам.

18) ( be along) приходить

Jim will be along (to the meeting) in a minute. — Через минуту-другую Джим придёт.

19) ( be at)

а) разг. настроиться на (что-л.)

What would you be at? — Каковы ваши намерения?

Syn:

drive 1. 16)

б) разг. ругать (кого-л.), нападать на (кого-л.), приставать к (кому-л.)

в) осуществлять активно (что-л.), посвятить себя (чему-л.)

Jim has been at his work for hours. — Джим часами сидит за работой.

г) разг. быть популярным, быть модным

You must get your clothes in the King's Road, that's where it's at. — Ты можешь отвезти свою одежду на Кинг Роуд, там её оценят по достоинству.

д) трогать (что-л.) чужое; рыться в (чем-л.)

Who's been at my things again? — Кто опять трогал мои вещи?

Syn:

meddle 2)

е) атаковать (кого-л.)

Our men are ready, sir, all armed and eager to be at the enemy. — Солдаты находятся в боевой готовности, сэр, они все вооружены и жаждут броситься в бой.

ж) приводить к (чему-л.), заканчиваться (чем-л.)

What would he be at? - At her, if she's at leisure. — Ну и чего он достигнет? - Будет рядом с ней, если ей захочется.

What would revolutionising Germany be at? — Что же будет в Германии в случае революции?

20) ( be before) обвиняться, предстать перед (судом, законом)

Peter has been before the court again on a charge of driving while drunk. — Питер снова предстал перед судом за то, что находился за рулём в нетрезвом состоянии.

Syn:

bring 5), go 1. 25)

21) ( be behind) служить причиной, крыться за (чем-л.), стоять за (чем-л.)

What's behind his offer? — Интересно, что заставило его сделать такое предложение?

22) ( be below)

а) быть ниже (нормы, стандартных требований)

I'm disappointed in your work; it is below your usual standard. — Я неприятно удивлён результатами вашей работы, обычно вы справляетесь с заданием гораздо лучше.

б) быть ниже по званию, чину

A captain is below a major. — Капитан по званию ниже, чем майор.

By joining the army late, he found that he was below many men much younger than himself. — Довольно поздно вступив на военную службу, он обнаружил, что многие из тех, кто младше его по возрасту, старше по званию.

23) ( be beneath) быть позорным для (кого-л.); быть ниже (чьго-л.) достоинства

Cheating at cards is beneath me. — Я считаю ниже своего достоинства жульничать при игре в карты.

I should have thought it was beneath you to consider such an offer. — Я должен был догадаться, что вы сочтёте недостойным рассматривать подобные предложения.

24) ( be beyond)

а) выходить за пределы возможного или ожидаемого; не подлежать (чему-л.), выходить за рамки (чего-л.)

to be beyond a joke — переставать быть забавным; становиться слишком серьёзным

be beyond endurance — быть невыносимым

Your continual lateness is now beyond a joke; if you're not on time tomorrow, you will be dismissed. — Ваши постоянные опоздания уже перестали быть просто шуткой; если вы и завтра не придёте вовремя, мы вынуждены будем вас уволить.

Your rudeness is beyond endurance - kindly leave my house! — Ваша грубость становится невыносимой, я бы попросил вас покинуть мой дом!

The soldier's brave deed was beyond the call of duty. — Храбрый поступок солдата превосходил обычное представление о долге.

Calling spirits from the dead proved to be beyond the magician's powers. — Вызывать духов умерших людей оказалось за пределами возможностей чародея.

I'm afraid this old piano is now beyond repair so we'd better get rid of it. — Боюсь, что это старое пианино не подлежит ремонту, и лучше было бы избавиться от него.

б) превзойти (что-л.)

The amount of money that I won was beyond all my hopes. — Сумма выигрыша была намного больше того, о чём я мог хотя бы мечтать.

в) = be beyond one's ken быть слишком сложным для (кого-л.); быть выше (чьего-л.) понимания

I'm afraid this book's beyond me; have you an easier one? — Мне кажется, что эта книга слишком сложная для меня; у вас нет чего-нибудь попроще?

It's beyond me which house to choose, they're both so nice! — Я решительно не знаю, какой дом выбрать. Они оба такие красивые!

The details of different kinds of life insurance are quite beyond my ken, so I have to take the advice of professionals. — Вопросы особенностей и различных видов медицинского страхования слишком трудны для моего понимания. Лучше я обращусь к помощи специалистов.

Syn:

get 1. 28)

25) ( be for) поддерживать (кого-л. / что-л.) ; быть "за" (что-л.), защищать (что-л.)

I'm for it. — Я за, я поддерживаю.

You are for the chairman's plan, aren't you? Yes, I'm all for it. — Вы одобряете план, предложенный председателем, не так ли? Да, мне он нравится.

No, I'm for keeping the old methods. — Нет, я приверженец старых методов.

Syn:

support, favour

26) ( be into) разг. быть заинтересованным в (чём-л.)

She doesn't eat meat now, she's really into health food. — Она не ест мяса и увлекается здоровой пищей.

27) ( be off)

а) не посещать (работу, учёбу); закончить (работу, выполнение обязанностей)

Jane was off school all last week with her cold. — Джейн всю прошлую неделю не ходила в школу по болезни.

б) заканчивать принимать ( лекарство)

How soon can mother be off her medicine? — Когда мама закончит принимать своё лекарство?

в) не хотеть, не быть заинтересованным; перестать интересоваться

Jane has been off her food since she caught a cold. — С тех пор, как Джейн простудилась, ей не хотелось есть.

I've been off that kind of music for some time now. — Некоторое время мне не хотелось слушать такую музыку.

28) ( be (up)on)

а) регулярно принимать лекарство

Mother has been on that medicine for months, and it doesn't seem to do her any good. — Мама принимает это лекарство уже несколько месяцев, и кажется, что оно ей совсем не помогает.

I've been on this treatment for some weeks and I must say I do feel better. — Я уже несколько недель принимаю это лекарство и, должен сказать, чувствую себя лучше.

б) делать ставку на (кого-л. / что-л.)

My money's on Sam, is yours? — Я поставил на Сэма, а ты?

Our money's on Northern Dancer to win the third race. — Мы поставили на то, что Северный Танцор выиграет в третьем забеге.

Syn:

stake II 2., wager

в) разг. быть оплаченным (кем-л.)

Put your money away, this meal is on me. — Убери деньги, я заплачу за обед.

29) ( be onto)

а) связаться с (кем-л.; особенно по телефону)

I've been onto the director, but he says he can't help. — Я разговаривал с директором, но он говорит, что не может помочь.

б) разг. постоянно просить (кого-л.) о (чём-л.)

She's been onto me to buy her a new coat for a year. — Она постоянно в течение года просила меня купить ей новое пальто.

в) разг. открывать, обнаруживать (что-л.)

Don't think I haven't been onto your little plan for some time. — Не думай, что я не знал какое-то время о твоём плане.

The police are onto us, we'd better hide. — Полиция знает о нас, уж лучше мы спрячемся.

30) ( be over) тратить много времени на (что-л.); долго заниматься (чем-л.), долго сидеть над (чем-л.)

Will you be long over that report? — Вы потратите много времени на этот доклад?

Don't be all night over finishing your book. — Не сиди всю ночь напролёт, заканчивая свою книгу.

31) ( be past) быть трудным (для понимания, совершения)

It's past me what he means! — Я совершенно не понимаю, что он имеет в виду.

I'll save this book till the children are older; it's a little past them at the moment. — Я приберегу эту книгу до тех пор, пока дети немного повзрослеют. Сейчас она слишком сложна для них.

The old man felt that he was now past going out every day, so he asked some young people to do his shopping. — Пожилой человек почувствовал, что ему становится трудно выходить на улицу каждый день, и он попросил молодых людей покупать ему продукты.

Syn:

get 1. 28)

32) ( be under)

а) подчиняться (кому-л.)

The whole army is under the general's command. — Вся армия находится под командованием генерала.

б) лечиться (у какого-л. врача)

Jane has been under that doctor for three years. — Джейн в течение трёх лет лечилась у этого врача.

в) чувствовать влияние, находиться под влиянием (чего-л.)

When Jim came home singing and shouting, we knew that he was under the influence of drink. — Когда Джим с криками и пением пришёл домой, мы поняли, что он был пьян.

33) ( be with)

а) разг. поддерживать (кого-л.)

We're with you all the way in your fight for equal rights. — Мы от всей души поддерживаем вас в борьбе за равноправие.

б) разг. понимать и любить (что-л. современное); одобрять

I'm not with these new fashions, I find them ugly. — Я не понимаю нынешних течений в моде. По-моему, это просто ужасно.

в) понимать объяснения (кого-л.)

34) ( be within) принадлежать, являться частью (чего-л.)

I can answer your question if it's within my competence. — Я могу ответить на ваш вопрос, если это входит в сферу моей компетенции.

35) ( be without) не хватать, недоставать

Many homes in Britain were without electricity during parts of the winter. — Временами зимой во многих домах Великобритании отключали электричество.

•

- be about
- be around
- be away
- be behind
- be below
- be down
- be in
- be inside
- be off
- be on
- be out
- be over
- be round
- be through
- be up
••

it's all over with someone — (такой-то) умер

to be down in the dumps / mouth — быть в плохом настроении / нездоровым; быть не в форме

to be in accord / harmony with smb. — иметь хорошие отношения с (кем-л.); иметь одинаковые вкусы, мнения с (кем-л.)

to be out in force / large numbers / strength — присутствовать, дежурить на улицах в большом количестве

- have been and gone and done
- be above one's head
- be above oneself
- be abreast of
- be all eyes
- be at a dead end
- be at a loss
- be at attention
- be at each other's throats
- be at ease
- be at it
- be at loggerheads
- be at pains
- be behind bars
- be behind the times
- be beneath contempt
- be beneath smb.'s dignity
- be beneath smb.'s notice
- be beside oneself
- be beyond question
- be beyond redemption
- be down for the count
- be down on one's luck
- be hard up for
- be hip to
- be in at the finish
- be in charge
- be in collision with
- be in for smth.
- be in line with
- be in on the ground floor
- be in the chair
- be in the money
- be in the way
- be on full time
- be on the make
- be on the point
- be onto a good thing
- be over and done with
- be ahead
- be amiss II [biː] вспомогательный глагол; прош. вр. 1 л., 3 л. ед. was, 2 л. ед., мн. were, прич. прош. вр. been
1) с причастием настоящего времени образует времена группы continuous

He was talking of you. — Он говорил о тебе.

A man who is being listened to. — Человек, которого сейчас слушают.

2) в сочетании с причастием настоящего времени или инфинитивом выражает будущее действие

She is visiting there next week. — Она приедет сюда на следующей неделе.

He is to see me today. — Он сегодня придёт меня повидать.

3) в сочетании с причастием прошедшего времени образует пассивный залог

The date was fixed. — Дата была зафиксирована.

His book will be published. — Его книга будет опубликована.

The political aspect of the subject has not been approached. — Политический аспект проблемы до сих пор не рассматривался.

4) уст. с причастием прошедшего времени передаёт перфектное значение для непереходных глаголов

Therefore I am returned. — И поэтому я вернулся.

His parents were grown old. — Его родители состарились.

Англо-русский современный словарь > be
14 leave

leave

A n

1 ( also leave of absence) ( time off) gen congé m ; Mil permission f ; to take leave prendre des congés ; to take three days' leave prendre trois jours de congé ; I've taken all my leave for this year j'ai pris tous mes congés pour cette année ; to be granted 24 hours' leave Mil recevoir une permission de 24 heures ; to be on leave gen être en congé ; Mil être en permission ; to come home on leave Mil rentrer en permission ;

2 ( permission) autorisation f ; to give sb leave to do donner à qn l'autorisation de faire ; to have sb's leave to do avoir l'autorisation de qn de faire ; to ask sb's leave to do, to ask leave of sb (to do) sout demander à qn l'autorisation de faire ; by ou with your leave avec votre permission ; without so much as a by your leave sans autre forme de procès ;

3 ( departure) to take leave of sb prendre congé de qn ; he took his leave il a pris congé.

B vtr ( prét, pp left)

1 ( depart from) gen partir de [house, station etc] ; ( more permanently) quitter [country, city etc] ; ( by going out) sortir de [room, building] ; he left home early il est parti tôt de chez lui ; to leave school ( permanently) quitter l'école ; the plane/train leaves Paris for Nice at 9.00 l'avion/le train pour Nice part de Paris à 9 heures ; to leave the road/table quitter la route/table ; to leave France to live in Canada quitter la France pour aller vivre au Canada ; to leave the track [train] dérailler ; to leave the ground [plane] décoller ; to leave one's seat se lever ; I left him cleaning his car quand je suis parti, il nettoyait sa voiture ; the smile left her face fig son sourire s'est effacé ; as soon as the words left her lips… à peine eut-elle fini de parler… ;

2 ( leave behind) ( forgetfully) laisser [person] ; oublier [object] ; ( deliberately) quitter [partner] ; laisser [key, instructions, name, tip, address] (for pour ; with chez) ; ( permanently) abandonner [animal, children, family] ; he left his umbrella on the train il a oublié son parapluie dans le train ; the kittens had been left in a sack on avait abandonné les chatons dans un sac ; she's left her husband elle a quitté son mari ; to leave sb sth laisser qch à qn ; I've left him some instructions/the key je lui ai laissé des instructions/la clé ; to leave sb/sth in sb's care confier qn/qch à qn ;

3 ( let remain) laisser [food, drink, gap, choice] ; he left his vegetables/wine il a laissé ses légumes/son vin ; you leave me no choice ou alternative but to… vous ne me laissez pas d'autre choix que de… ; he left us in no doubt as to ou about his feelings il ne nous a laissé aucun doute quant à ses sentiments ; to leave sth lying around laisser traîner qch ; to leave sth tidy/open/in ruins laisser qch en ordre/ouvert/en ruines ; to leave sb homeless laisser qn sans domicile ; to be left homeless se retrouver sans domicile ; there are/we have five minutes left il reste/il nous reste cinq minutes ; he was left short of money/time il ne lui restait plus beaucoup d'argent/de temps ; he stared at what was left of the house il a regardé longuement ce qui restait de la maison ; ten minus seven leaves three Math sept ôtés de dix, il reste trois ; the accident left him an orphan/a cripple l'accident a fait de lui un orphelin/un invalide ; the attack left her with a scar/a broken nose elle a gardé une cicatrice/un nez cassé après l'agression ; where does that leave me? qu'est-ce que je vais devenir? ;

4 ( allow to do) to leave sth to sb laisser [qch] à qn [job, task] ; to leave it (up) to sb to do laisser à qn le soin de faire ; it will be left to him to do it on lui laissera le soin de le faire ; to leave the decision/choice (up) to sb laisser à qn le soin de décider/choisir ; to leave it up to sb where/how etc to do laisser qn décider où/comment etc faire ; to leave sb to do laisser qn faire ; leave him to sleep laisse-le dormir ; to leave sb to it ( to do something) laisser qn se débrouiller ; ( to be alone) laisser qn tranquille ; to leave sb to himself, to leave sb be ○ laisser qn tranquille ; leave him/me alone laisse-le/-moi tranquille ; leave it to ou with me je m'en occupe, je m'en charge ; leave everything to me! je m'en occupe, je me charge de tout! ;

5 ( result in) [oil, wine, tea] faire [stain] ; [cup, plate etc] laisser [stain, mark] ; [cup, heel, chair] faire [hole, dent] ; the operation will leave a scar vous garderez une cicatrice de l'opération ;

6 ( postpone) laisser [task, homework, housework] ; leave it till tomorrow/Friday/the end laisse ça pour demain/vendredi/la fin ;

7 ( stop and agree) to leave it that convenir que ; to leave it at that en rester là ;

8 Jur ( bequeath) laisser, léguer [money, property] ; to leave sth to sb, to leave sb sth léguer qch à qn ;

9 ( be survived by) laisser [widow, son, daughter] ;

10 ( pass) to leave sth on one's left/right passer qch à gauche/à droite.

C vi ( prét, pp left) partir ; to leave for partir pour [airport, France] ; to leave for work partir travailler ; to leave for another company partir dans une autre société ; he left for a career in advertising il est parti pour faire carrière dans la publicité.

D v refl ( prét, pp left) to leave oneself (with) se réserver [time, money] ; to leave oneself short of money/time ne pas prévoir assez d'argent/de temps.

Phrasal verbs

■ leave about, leave around:

▶ leave [sth] around ( carelessly) laisser traîner [books, papers, toys] ; ( deliberately) disposer [cushions, books, magazines].

■ leave aside:

▶ leave [sth] aside, leave aside [sth] laisser [qch] de côté ; leaving aside the question of ( ignoring for now) si on laisse de côté la question de ; ( not mentioning) sans parler du problème de.

■ leave behind:

▶ leave [sb/sth] behind

1 ( go faster than) distancer [person, competitor] ; fig (in business, intellectually) distancer [person, competitor] ; the teacher left the students behind les étudiants n'arrivaient pas à suivre le professeur ;

2 ( move away from) [vehicle, plane] s'éloigner de [coast, country, ground] ; [traveller] laisser [qch] derrière soi [town, country] ; [person] quitter [family, husband] ; fig en finir avec, tirer un trait sur [past, problems, relationship] ;

3 ( fail to bring) ( accidentally) oublier, laisser [object, child, animal] ; ( deliberately) laisser [object, child, animal] ;

▶ leave [sth] behind ( cause to remain) [person] laisser [chaos, problems, bitterness] ; [earthquake, storm, flood] faire [damage] ; to leave chaos behind laisser la pagaille ○ ; the army/tornado left a trail of destruction behind it l'armée/la tornade a tout détruit sur son passage ; to be ou get left behind ( not keep up) ( physically) [person] se faire distancer ; ( intellectually) ne pas suivre, être largué ○ ; ( in business) [country, company] se laisser distancer ; ( not be taken) ( accidentally) être oublié ; ( deliberately) the plants were left behind on a laissé les plantes.

■ leave go, leave hold ( usage critiqué) lâcher ; to leave go ou hold of sb/sth lâcher qn/qch.

■ leave in:

▶ leave [sth] in laisser [object, paragraph, quote].

■ leave off:

▶ leave off [rain] cesser ; [person] s'interrompre ; to carry on ou continue where one left off reprendre là où on en était ; where did we leave off? où en étions-nous? ; leave off ○ ! arrête ○ ! ;

▶ leave off doing ( stop) cesser or arrêter de faire ;

▶ leave [sth] off, leave off [sth]

1 ( not put on) ne pas mettre [coat, tie, hat, lid, blanket] ; ( not put back on) ne pas remettre [coat, tie, hat, lid, blanket] ;

2 ( not switch on) ne pas allumer [light, TV] ; ne pas brancher [iron, kettle] ; ( leave switched off) laisser [qch] éteint [light, central heating, TV] ; laisser [qch] débranché [iron, kettle] ;

3 ( omit) omettre [name, item, letter] ; ( by mistake) oublier [name, item, letter] ; to leave sth off a list omettre qch d'une liste.

■ leave on:

▶ leave [sth] on

1 ( not remove) garder [coat, tie, hat] ; laisser [lid, blanket, bandage, label] ;

2 ( not switch off) laisser [qch] allumé [light, TV, central heating] ; laisser [qch] branché [iron] ; laisser [qch] ouvert [gas, tap] ; laisser [safety catch].

■ leave out:

▶ leave [sb/sth] out, leave out [sb/sth]

1 ( fail to include) ( accidentally) omettre, oublier [word, line, name, fact] ; oublier [ingredient, object, person] ( deliberately) omettre [name, fact, reference] ; ne pas mettre [ingredient, object] ; (from social group, activity) tenir [qn] à l'écart ; to feel left out se sentir tenu à l'écart ; leave it out ○ ! arrête ○ ! ; to leave sth out of omettre qch de [text] ; to leave sb out of exclure qn de [group] ; leave me out of it! ne me mêlez pas à ça! ; to leave sth out of one's calculations ne pas tenir compte de qch dans ses calculs ;

2 ( let remain outdoors) laisser [qch] dehors [bicycle, washing, milk] ;

3 ( not put away) laisser [qch] dehors [clothes] ;

4 ( not put in) ne pas mettre [contact lenses, plug] ; ( not put back) ne pas remettre [contact lenses, plug].

■ leave over:

▶ leave [sth] over

1 ( cause to remain) laisser [food, drink] ; there is/we have some money left over il reste/il nous reste de l'argent ;

2 ( postpone) remettre [qch] à plus tard [discussion, meeting].

Big English-French dictionary > leave
15 be

1. verb,
pres. t. I am, neg. (coll.) ain't, he is, neg. (coll.) isn't

Ex:

we are — neg. (coll.) aren't; p.t. I was, neg. (coll.) wasn't, we were, neg. (coll.) weren't; pres. p. being; p.p. been copula

/Ex:

1) (indicating quality or attribute) sein

she'll be ten next week — sie wird nächste Woche zehn

she is a mother/an Italian — sie ist Mutter/Italienerin

being a Frenchman, he likes wine — als Franzose trinkt er gern Wein

he is being nice to them/sarcastic — er ist nett zu ihnen/jetzt ist er sarkastisch

2) in exclamation

was she pleased! — war sie [vielleicht] froh!

aren't you a big boy! — was bist du schon für ein großer Junge!

3) will be (indicating supposition)

[I dare say] you'll be a big boy by now — du bist jetzt sicher schon ein großer Junge

you'll be relieved to hear that — du wirst erleichtert sein, das zu hören

4) (indicating physical or mental welfare or state) sein; sich fühlen

I am hot — mir ist heiß

I am freezing — mich friert es

how are you/is she? — wie geht's (ugs.) /geht es ihr?

5) identifying the subject

it is the 5th today — heute haben wir den Fünften

who's that? — wer ist das?

it is she, it's her — sie ist's

if I were you — an deiner Stelle

6) (indicating profession, pastime, etc.)

be a teacher/a footballer — Lehrer/Fußballer sein

she wants to be a surgeon — sie möchte Chirurgin werden

7) with possessive

it is hers — es ist ihrs; es gehört ihr

8) (cost) kosten

how much are the eggs? — was kosten die Eier?

9) (equal) sein

two times three is six, two threes are six — zweimal drei ist od. sind od. gibt sechs

sixteen ounces is a pound — sechzehn Unzen sind od. ergeben ein Pfund

10) (constitute) bilden

London is not England — London ist nicht [gleich] England

11) (mean) bedeuten

he was everything to her — er bedeutete ihr alles
2. intransitive verb
1) (exist) [vorhanden] sein; existieren

can such things be? — kann es so etwas geben?; kann so etwas vorkommen?

I think, therefore I am — ich denke, also bin ich

there is/are... — es gibt...

for the time being — vorläufig

Miss Jones that was — das frühere Fräulein Jones

be that as it may — wie dem auch sei

2) (remain) bleiben

I shan't be a moment or second — ich komme gleich; noch eine Minute

she has been in her room for hours — sie ist schon seit Stunden in ihrem Zimmer

let it be — lass es sein

let him/her be — lass ihn/sie in Ruhe

how long has he been here? — wie lange ist er schon hier?

3) (happen) stattfinden; sein

where will the party be? — wo ist die Party?; wo findet die Party statt?

4) (go, come)

be off with you! — geh/geht!

I'm off or for home — ich gehe jetzt nach Hause

she's from Australia — sie stammt od. ist aus Australien

are you for London? — wollen Sie nach London?

5) (on visit etc.) sein

have you [ever] been to London? — bist du schon einmal in London gewesen?

has anyone been? — ist jemand da gewesen?

6)

she's been and tidied the room — (coll.) sie hat doch wirklich das Zimmer aufgeräumt

the children have been at the biscuits — die Kinder waren an den Keksen (ugs.)

I've been into this matter — ich habe mich mit der Sache befasst
3. auxiliary verb
1) forming passive werden

the child was found — das Kind wurde gefunden

German is spoken here — hier wird Deutsch gesprochen

2) forming continuous tenses, active

he is reading — er liest [gerade]; er ist beim Lesen

I am leaving tomorrow — ich reise morgen [ab]

the train was departing when I got there — der Zug fuhr gerade ab, als ich ankam

3) forming continuous tenses, passive

the house is/was being built — das Haus wird/wurde [gerade] gebaut

4) (expr. obligation)

be to — sollen

I am to inform you — ich soll Sie unterrichten

he is to be admired — er ist zu bewundern

5) (expr. arrangement)

be to — sollen

the Queen is to arrive at 3 p.m. — die Königin soll um 15 Uhr eintreffen

6) (expr. possibility)

it was not to be seen — es war nicht zu sehen

I was not to be side-tracked — ich ließ mich nicht ablenken

7) (expr. destiny)

they were never to meet again — sie sollten sich nie wieder treffen

8) (expr. condition)

if I were to tell you that..., were I to tell you that... — wenn ich dir sagen würde, dass...
4.
bride-/husband-to-be — zukünftige Braut/zukünftiger Ehemann

mother-/father-to-be — werdende Mutter/werdender Vater

the be-all and end-all — das A und O

* * *
['bi: ɡi:]
( abbreviation) (Bachelor of Engineering; first degree in Engineering.)

* * *

be

<was, been>

[bi:, bi]

vi + n/adj

1. (describes) sein

she's quite rich/ugly sie ist ziemlich reich/hässlich

what is that? was ist das?

she's a doctor sie ist Ärztin

what do you want to \be when you grow up? was willst du einmal werden, wenn du erwachsen bist?

you need to \be certain before you make an accusation like that du musst dir ganz sicher sein, bevor du so eine Anschuldigung vorbringst

“may I \be of service Madam?” the waiter asked „kann ich Ihnen behilflich sein, gnädige Frau?“ fragte der Kellner

to \be on the same wavelength auf der gleichen Wellenlänge liegen fam

to \be able to do sth etw tun können, in der Lage sein, etw zu tun

to \be from a country/a town aus einem Land/einer Stadt kommen

2. (composition) sein, bestehen aus

is this plate pure gold? ist dieser Teller aus reinem Gold?

3. (opinion)

▪ to \be for/against sth für/gegen etw akk sein

to \be all for sth ganz [o sehr] für etw akk sein

4. (calculation) sein, machen, kosten

two and two is four zwei und zwei ist vier

these books are 50p each diese Bücher kosten jeweils 50p

5. (timing)

to \be late/[right] on time zu spät/[genau] rechtzeitig kommen

6. (location) sein; town, country liegen

the keys are in that box die Schlüssel befinden sich in der Schachtel

the food was on the table das Essen stand auf dem Tisch

he's not here er ist nicht da

to \be in a fix [or jam] ( fam) in der Klemme stecken fam

to \be in a bad situation/trouble in einer schwierigen Situation/Schwierigkeiten sein

7. in pp (visit) sein

the postman hasn't been yet der Briefträger war noch nicht da

I've never been to Kenya ich bin noch nie in Kenia gewesen

8. (take place) stattfinden

the meeting is next Tuesday die Konferenz findet am nächsten Montag statt

9. (do) sein

to \be on benefit [or AM welfare] Sozialhilfe bekommen [o SCHWEIZ beziehen], Sozialhilfeempfänger/Sozialhilfeempfängerin sein

to \be on a diet auf Diät sein

to \be on the pill die Pille nehmen

to \be on standby/on holiday in [Ruf]bereitschaft/im Urlaub sein

▪ to \be up to sth etw im Schild[e] führen

10. (exist) existieren, vorhanden sein; ( old liter: live) leben, sein

let her \be! lass sie in Ruhe!

to \be or not to \be, that is the question Sein oder Nichtsein, das ist die Frage

there is/are... es gibt...

11. (expresses possibility)

can it [really] \be that...? ( form) ist es [tatsächlich] möglich, dass...?

is it that...? ( form) kann es sein, dass...?

12. (expresses ability)

sth is to \be done etw kann getan werden

the exhibition is currently to \be seen at the City Gallery die Ausstellung ist zurzeit in der Stadtgalerie zu besichtigen

13.

▪ to \be to do sth (expresses allowance) etw dürfen; (expresses obligation) etw sollen

▪ to not \be to do sth etw nicht dürfen

what are we to do? was sollen wir tun?

you're to sit in the corner and keep quiet du sollst dich in die Ecke setzen und ruhig sein

14.

▪ to \be to do sth (expresses future) etw tun werden

we are to visit Australia in the spring im Frühling reisen wir nach Australien; (expresses future in past)

she was never to see her brother again sie sollte ihren Bruder nie mehr wiedersehen; (in conditionals)

if I were you, I'd... an deiner Stelle würde ich...

if sb was [or were] to do sth,... wenn jd etw tun würde,...

if he was to work harder, he'd get better grades wenn er härter arbeiten würde, bekäme er bessere Noten

were sb to do sth,... ( form) würde jd etw tun,...

were I to refuse, they'd be very annoyed würde ich mich weigern, wären sie äußerst verärgert

15. (impersonal use)

what is it? was ist?

what's it to \be? (what are you drinking) was möchten Sie trinken?; (please decide now) was soll es denn [nun] sein?

it is only fair for me es erscheint mir nur fair

is it true that you were asked to resign? stimmt es, dass man dir nahegelegt hat, dein Amt niederzulegen?

it's not that I don't like her — it's just that we rarely agree on anything es ist nicht so, dass ich sie nicht mag — wir sind nur selten einer Meinung

as it were sozusagen, gleichsam

16. (expresses imperatives)

\be quiet or I'll...! sei still oder ich...!

\be seated! ( form) setzen Sie sich!, nehmen Sie Platz! geh

\be yourself! sei du selbst! [o ganz natürlich!

17. (expresses continuation)

▪ to \be doing sth gerade etw tun

don't talk about that while I'm eating sprich nicht davon, während ich beim Essen bin

she's studying to be a lawyer sie studiert, um Rechtsanwältin zu werden

it's raining es regnet

you're always complaining du beklagst dich dauernd

18. (expresses passive)

to \be asked/pushed gefragt/gestoßen werden

to \be be discovered by sb von jdm gefunden werden

to \be left an orphan als Waise zurückbleiben

to \be left speechless sprachlos sein

19.

▶ the \be-all and end-all das Ein und Alles [o A und O]

▶ far \be it from sb to do sth nichts liegt jdm ferner, als etw zu tun

▶ to \be off form nicht in Form sein

▶ the joke is on sb jd ist der Dumme

▶ \be that as it may wie dem auch sei

▶ to \be off (go away, leave) weggehen; (begin spoiling) schlecht sein

\be off with you! go away! geh! hau ab! fam

▶ so \be it so sei es, sei's drum fam

* * *
[biː] pres am, is, are, pret was, were, ptp been
1. COPULATIVE VERB

1) with adjective, noun, pronoun sein

to be critical of — kritisch sein or sich kritisch äußern über (+acc)

be sensible! — sei vernünftig

who's that? – it's me/that's Mary — wer ist das? – ich bins/das ist Mary

if I were you — wenn ich Sie or an Ihrer Stelle wäre

he is a soldier/a German — er ist Soldat/Deutscher

he wants to be a doctor — er möchte Arzt werden Note that the article is used in German only when the noun is qualified by an adjective.

he's a good student/a true Englishman — er ist ein guter Student/ein echter Engländer

2)

referring to physical, mental state how are you? — wie gehts?

I'm better now — es geht mir jetzt besser

she's not at all well — es geht ihr gar nicht gut

to be hungry/thirsty — Hunger/Durst haben, hungrig/durstig sein

I am hot/cold/frozen — mir ist heiß/kalt/eiskalt

they were horrified — sie waren entsetzt

3) age sein

he's five — er ist fünf

how old is she? —

he'll be three next month — er wird nächsten Monat drei (Jahre alt)

4) = cost kosten

how much is that? — wie viel or was kostet das?

5) MATH sein

two times two is or are four — zwei mal zwei ist or sind or gibt vier

6) with possessive gehören (+dat)

that book is your brother's/his — das Buch gehört Ihrem Bruder/ihm, das ist das Buch Ihres Bruders/das ist sein Buch

7)

in exclamations was he pleased to hear it! — er war vielleicht froh, das zu hören!

but wasn't she glad when... — hat sie sich vielleicht gefreut, als...

8) Brit inf

how are you for a beer? — hast du Lust auf ein Bier?

2. AUXILIARY VERB

1)

in continuous tenses Note how German uses the simple tense:what are you doing? — was machst du da?

she's always complaining — sie beklagt sich dauernd

they're coming tomorrow — sie kommen morgen Note how German uses the present tense:

I have been waiting for you for half an hour — ich warte schon seit einer halben Stunde auf Sie

will you be seeing her tomorrow? — sehen or treffen Sie sie morgen?

you will be hearing from us — Sie hören von uns, Sie werden von uns hören Note the use of bei + infinitive:

we're just drinking coffee —

I've just been packing my case — ich war gerade beim Kofferpacken

I was packing my case when... — ich war gerade beim Kofferpacken, als...

2) in passive constructions werden

he was run over — er ist überfahren worden, er wurde überfahren

the box had been opened — die Schachtel war geöffnet worden

it is/was being repaired — es wird/wurde gerade repariert

I will not be intimidated — ich lasse mich nicht einschüchtern __diams; to be/not to be...

they are shortly to be married — sie werden bald heiraten

they were to have been married last week — sie hätten letzte Woche heiraten sollen

the car is to be sold — das Auto soll verkauft werden

she was to be/was to have been dismissed but... — sie sollte entlassen werden, aber.../sie hätte entlassen werden sollen, aber...

he is to be pitied/not to be envied —

not to be confused with — nicht zu verwechseln mit

what is to be done? — was ist zu tun?, was soll geschehen?

I am to look after her — ich soll mich um sie kümmern

I am not to be disturbed — ich möchte nicht gestört werden

he is not to open it — er soll es nicht öffnen

I wasn't to tell you his name — ich sollte or durfte Ihnen nicht sagen, wie er heißt; (but I did) ich hätte Ihnen eigentlich nicht sagen sollen or dürfen, wie er heißt

she was never to return — sie sollte nie zurückkehren

he was not to be persuaded — er war nicht zu überreden, er ließ sich nicht überreden

if it were or was to snow — falls or wenn es schneien sollte

and were I or if I were to tell him? — und wenn ich es ihm sagen würde?

3)

in tag questions/short answers he's always late, isn't he? – yes he is — er kommt doch immer zu spät, nicht? – ja, das stimmt

he's never late, is he? – yes he is — er kommt nie zu spät, oder? – oh, doch

you're not ill, are you? – yes I am/no I'm not — Sie sind doch nicht (etwa) krank? – doch!/nein

it's all done, is it? – yes it is/no it isn't — es ist also alles erledigt? – ja/nein

3. INTRANSITIVE VERB

1) sein; (= remain) bleiben

I'm going to Berlin – how long will you be there? — ich gehe nach Berlin – wie lange wirst du dort bleiben?

he is there at the moment but he won't be much longer — im Augenblick ist er dort, aber nicht mehr lange

we've been here a long time —

the powers that be — die zuständigen Stellen

let me/him be — lass mich/ihn (in Ruhe)

be that as it may — wie dem auch sei

to be or not to be — Sein oder Nichtsein

2) = be situated sein; (town, forest, papers) liegen, sein; (car, tower, chair) stehen, sein

3)

= visit, call I've been to Paris — ich war schon (ein)mal in Paris

the milkman has already been — der Milchmann war schon da

he has been and gone — er war da und ist wieder gegangen

now you've been and done it (inf) — jetzt hast du aber was angerichtet!

I've just been and (gone and) broken it! — jetzt hab ichs tatsächlich kaputt gemacht (inf)

4)

= like to have who's for coffee/tee/biscuits? — wer möchte (gerne)Kaffee/Tee/Kekse?

here is a book/are two books — hier ist ein Buch/sind zwei Bücher

there he was sitting at the table — da saß er nun am Tisch

nearby there are two churches — in der Nähe sind or stehen zwei Kirchen

4. IMPERSONAL VERB
sein
it is dark/morning — es ist dunkel/Morgen

tomorrow is Friday/the 14th of June — morgen ist Freitag/der 14. Juni, morgen haben wir Freitag/den 14. Juni

it is 5 km to the nearest town — es sind 5 km bis zur nächsten Stadt

who found it —

it was me or I (form) who said it first — ICH habe es zuerst gesagt, ich war derjenige, der es zuerst gesagt hat

were it not for the fact that I am a teacher, I would... —

were it not for my friendship with him — wenn ich nicht mit ihm befreundet wäre

were it not for him, if it weren't or wasn't for him — wenn er nicht wäre

and even if it were not so — und selbst wenn das or dem nicht so wäre

had it not been or if it hadn't been for him — wenn er nicht gewesen wäre

* * *

be [biː] 1. sg präs am [æm], 2. sg präs are [ɑː(r)], obs art [ɑː(r)t], 3. sg präs is [ız], pl präs are [ɑː(r)], 1. und 3. sg prät was [wɒz; wəz; US wɑz], 2. sg prät were [wɜː; US wɜr], pl prät were [wɜː; US wɜr], pperf been [biːn; bın], ppr being [ˈbiːıŋ]

A v/aux

1. sein (mit dem pperf zur Bildung des Passivs):

he is gone er ist weg;

I am come obs ich bin da

2. werden (mit dem pperf zur Bildung des passiv):

the register was signed das Protokoll wurde unterzeichnet;

we were appealed to man wandte sich an uns;

you will be sent for man wird Sie holen lassen

3. ( mit to und inf) sollen, müssen, dürfen, können:

he is to be pitied er ist zu bedauern;

he is to die er muss oder soll sterben;

it is not to be seen es ist nicht zu sehen;

he was to become a great writer er sollte ein großer Schriftsteller werden;

it was not to be es sollte nicht sein, es hat nicht sollen sein;

if I were to die wenn ich sterben sollte

4. (mit dem ppr eines anderen Verbs zur Bildung der Verlaufsform):

he is reading er liest (eben oder gerade), er ist beim Lesen;

he was smoking when the teacher entered er rauchte (gerade), als der Lehrer hereinkam;

the house is building ( oder is being built) das Haus ist im Bau

5. a) (zum Ausdruck der nahen Zukunft):

I am going to Paris tomorrow ich fahre morgen nach Paris

b) → academic.ru/31516/go">go¹ C 38

6. (als Kopula) sein:

he is my father

B v/i

1. (Zustand oder Beschaffenheit bezeichnend) sein, sich befinden, der Fall sein:

the mirror is too high der Spiegel hängt zu hoch;

they are eight points behind SPORT etc sie liegen acht Punkte hinter (dat);

they are for export only sie sind nur für den Export bestimmt;

where was I? wo war ich stehen geblieben?;

let him be lass ihn in Ruhe!;

be it so, so be it, let it be so gut so, so sei es;

be it that … gesetzt den Fall, (dass) …;

how is it that …? wie kommt es, dass …?;

be that as it may wie dem auch sei

2. (vorhanden) sein, bestehen, existieren:

I think, therefore I am ich denke, also bin ich;

he is no more er ist (lebt) nicht mehr;

to be or not to be, that is the question Sein oder Nichtsein, das ist hier die Frage

3. a) geschehen, stattfinden, vor sich gehen, sein:

when will the meeting be? wann findet die Versammlung statt?

b) gehen, fahren (Bus etc):

when is the next bus?

4. (beruflich oder altersmäßig) werden:

I’ll be an engineer ich werde Ingenieur (wenn ich erwachsen bin);

what do you want to be when you grow up? was willst du einmal werden?;

you should have been a priest du hättest Priester werden sollen;

I’ll be 50 next month ich werde nächsten Monat 50;

she was 26 last month sie wurde letzten Monat 26

5. (eine bestimmte Zeit) her sein:

it is ten years since he died es ist zehn Jahre her, dass er starb; er starb vor zehn Jahren

6. (aus)gegangen sein (mit Formen der Vergangenheit und Angabe des Zieles der Bewegung):

he had been to town er war in die Stadt gegangen;

he had been bathing er war baden (gegangen);

I won’t be long ich werde nicht lange wegbleiben

7. (mit dem Possessiv) gehören:

this book is my sister’s das Buch gehört meiner Schwester;

are these glasses yours? gehört die Brille dir?, ist das deine Brille?

8. stammen ( from aus):

this painting is from the 18th century;

he is from Liverpool er ist oder stammt aus Liverpool

9. a) kosten:

how much are the gloves? was kosten die Handschuhe?

b) betragen (Preis):

that’ll be £4.15 das macht 4 Pfund 15

10. bedeuten:

what is that to me? was kümmert mich das?

11. zur Bekräftigung der bejahenden oder verneinenden Antwort: are these your cigarettes? yes, they are (no, they aren’t) ja (nein)

12. dauern:

the performance is approximately two hours;

it will probably be some time before … es wird wahrscheinlich einige Zeit dauern, bis …

13. FILM, TV mitwirken (in in dat):

be in a TV seriesBesondere Redewendungen: it is they that have seen him sie haben ihn gesehen;

be an hour in going to … eine Stunde brauchen, um nach … zu gehen;

has any one been? umg ist jemand da gewesen?;

the government that is (was) die gegenwärtige (vergangene) Regierung;

my wife that is to be obs meine zukünftige Frau;

he is dead, is he not ( oder isn’t he)? er ist tot, nicht wahr?;

I am next, am I not (od umg aren’t I) ? ich bin der Nächste, nicht wahr?;

he is not dead, is he? er ist doch nicht (etwa) tot?;

have you ever been to Rome? sind Sie schon einmal in Rom gewesen?;

we have been into the matter wir haben uns damit (bereits) befasst;

I’ve been through all this before ich hab das alles schon einmal mitgemacht

* * *
1. verb,
pres. t. I am, neg. (coll.) ain't, he is, neg. (coll.) isn't

Ex:

we are — neg. (coll.) aren't; p.t. I was, neg. (coll.) wasn't, we were, neg. (coll.) weren't; pres. p. being; p.p. been copula

/Ex:

1) (indicating quality or attribute) sein

she'll be ten next week — sie wird nächste Woche zehn

she is a mother/an Italian — sie ist Mutter/Italienerin

being a Frenchman, he likes wine — als Franzose trinkt er gern Wein

he is being nice to them/sarcastic — er ist nett zu ihnen/jetzt ist er sarkastisch

2) in exclamation

was she pleased! — war sie [vielleicht] froh!

aren't you a big boy! — was bist du schon für ein großer Junge!

3) will be (indicating supposition)

[I dare say] you'll be a big boy by now — du bist jetzt sicher schon ein großer Junge

you'll be relieved to hear that — du wirst erleichtert sein, das zu hören

4) (indicating physical or mental welfare or state) sein; sich fühlen

I am hot — mir ist heiß

I am freezing — mich friert es

how are you/is she? — wie geht's (ugs.) /geht es ihr?

5) identifying the subject

it is the 5th today — heute haben wir den Fünften

who's that? — wer ist das?

it is she, it's her — sie ist's

if I were you — an deiner Stelle

6) (indicating profession, pastime, etc.)

be a teacher/a footballer — Lehrer/Fußballer sein

she wants to be a surgeon — sie möchte Chirurgin werden

7) with possessive

it is hers — es ist ihrs; es gehört ihr

8) (cost) kosten

how much are the eggs? — was kosten die Eier?

9) (equal) sein

two times three is six, two threes are six — zweimal drei ist od. sind od. gibt sechs

sixteen ounces is a pound — sechzehn Unzen sind od. ergeben ein Pfund

10) (constitute) bilden

London is not England — London ist nicht [gleich] England

11) (mean) bedeuten

he was everything to her — er bedeutete ihr alles
2. intransitive verb
1) (exist) [vorhanden] sein; existieren

can such things be? — kann es so etwas geben?; kann so etwas vorkommen?

I think, therefore I am — ich denke, also bin ich

there is/are... — es gibt...

for the time being — vorläufig

Miss Jones that was — das frühere Fräulein Jones

be that as it may — wie dem auch sei

2) (remain) bleiben

I shan't be a moment or second — ich komme gleich; noch eine Minute

she has been in her room for hours — sie ist schon seit Stunden in ihrem Zimmer

let it be — lass es sein

let him/her be — lass ihn/sie in Ruhe

how long has he been here? — wie lange ist er schon hier?

3) (happen) stattfinden; sein

where will the party be? — wo ist die Party?; wo findet die Party statt?

4) (go, come)

be off with you! — geh/geht!

I'm off or for home — ich gehe jetzt nach Hause

she's from Australia — sie stammt od. ist aus Australien

are you for London? — wollen Sie nach London?

5) (on visit etc.) sein

have you [ever] been to London? — bist du schon einmal in London gewesen?

has anyone been? — ist jemand da gewesen?

6)

she's been and tidied the room — (coll.) sie hat doch wirklich das Zimmer aufgeräumt

the children have been at the biscuits — die Kinder waren an den Keksen (ugs.)

I've been into this matter — ich habe mich mit der Sache befasst
3. auxiliary verb
1) forming passive werden

the child was found — das Kind wurde gefunden

German is spoken here — hier wird Deutsch gesprochen

2) forming continuous tenses, active

he is reading — er liest [gerade]; er ist beim Lesen

I am leaving tomorrow — ich reise morgen [ab]

the train was departing when I got there — der Zug fuhr gerade ab, als ich ankam

3) forming continuous tenses, passive

the house is/was being built — das Haus wird/wurde [gerade] gebaut

4) (expr. obligation)

be to — sollen

I am to inform you — ich soll Sie unterrichten

he is to be admired — er ist zu bewundern

5) (expr. arrangement)

be to — sollen

the Queen is to arrive at 3 p.m. — die Königin soll um 15 Uhr eintreffen

6) (expr. possibility)

it was not to be seen — es war nicht zu sehen

I was not to be side-tracked — ich ließ mich nicht ablenken

7) (expr. destiny)

they were never to meet again — sie sollten sich nie wieder treffen

8) (expr. condition)

if I were to tell you that..., were I to tell you that... — wenn ich dir sagen würde, dass...
4.
bride-/husband-to-be — zukünftige Braut/zukünftiger Ehemann

mother-/father-to-be — werdende Mutter/werdender Vater

the be-all and end-all — das A und O

* * *

(in a state of) shock expr.

einen Schock haben ausdr. (left) stranded expr.

auf dem trockenen sitzen ausdr.

aufgeschmissen sein ausdr. (on a) level with expr.

auf dem gleichen Niveau stehen wie ausdr.

auf gleicher Höhe sein mit ausdr.

genauso hoch sein wie ausdr. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: was, were, been)

= sein v.

(§ p.,pp.: war, ist gewesen)

sich befinden v.

sich fühlen v.

English-german dictionary > be
16 to

1.
[before vowel tʊ, before consonant tə, stressed tuː] preposition

1) (in the direction of and reaching) zu; (with name of place) nach

go to work/to the theatre — zur Arbeit/ins Theater gehen

to Paris/France — nach Paris/Frankreich

go from town to town — von Stadt zu Stadt ziehen

throw the ball to me — wirf mir den Ball zu

2) (towards a condition or quality) zu

appoint somebody to a post — jemanden auf einen Posten berufen

3) (as far as) bis zu

from London to Edinburgh — von London [bis] nach Edinburgh

increase from 10 % to 20 % — von 10 % auf 20 % steigen

4) (next to, facing)

with one's back to the wall — mit dem Rücken zur Wand

5) (implying comparison, ratio, etc.)

[compared] to — verglichen mit; im Vergleich zu

3 is to 4 as 6 is to 8 — 3 verhält sich zu 4 wie 6 zu 8

it's ten to one he does something — die Chancen stehen zehn zu eins, dass er etwas tut

6) introducing relationship or indirect object

to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache (Dat.)

lend/explain etc. something to somebody — jemandem etwas leihen/erklären usw.

speak to somebody — mit jemandem sprechen

relate to something — sich auf etwas (Akk.) beziehen

to me — (in my opinion) meiner Meinung nach

secretary to the Minister — Sekretär des Ministers

a room to oneself — ein eigenes Zimmer

get four apples to the pound — vier Äpfel je Pfund bekommen

that's all there is to it — mehr ist dazu nicht zu sagen

what's that to you? — was geht das dich an?

7) (until) bis

to the end — bis zum Ende

to this day — bis heute

five [minutes] to eight — fünf [Minuten] vor acht

8) with infinitive of a verb zu; expressing purpose, or after academic.ru/75540/too">too um [...] zu

want to know — wissen wollen

do something to annoy somebody — etwas tun, um jemanden zu ärgern

too young to marry — zu jung, um zu heiraten; zu jung zum Heiraten

too hot to drink — zu heiß zum Trinken

to rebel is pointless — es ist sinnlos zu rebellieren

he woke to find himself in a strange room — er erwachte und fand sich in einem fremden Zimmer wieder

to use a technical term — um einen Fachausdruck zu gebrauchen

9) as substitute for infinitive

he would have phoned but forgot to — er hätte angerufen, aber er vergaß es

she didn't want to go there, but she had to — sie wollte nicht hingehen, aber sie musste
2.
[tuː] adverb

1) (just not shut)

be to — [Tür, Fenster:] angelehnt sein

push a door to — eine Tür anlehnen

2)

to and fro — hin und her

* * *
1. [tə,tu] preposition
1) (towards; in the direction of: I cycled to the station; The book fell to the floor; I went to the concert/lecture/play.) zu, auf

2) (as far as: His story is a lie from beginning to end.) bis

3) (until: Did you stay to the end of the concert?) bis

4) (sometimes used to introduce the indirect object of a verb: He sent it to us; You're the only person I can talk to.) zu, mit

5) (used in expressing various relations: Listen to me!; Did you reply to his letter?; Where's the key to this door?; He sang to (the accompaniment of) his guitar.) zu, für

6) (into a particular state or condition: She tore the letter to pieces.) in

7) (used in expressing comparison or proportion: He's junior to me; Your skill is superior to mine; We won the match by 5 goals to 2.) gegenüber, zu

8) (showing the purpose or result of an action etc: He came quickly to my assistance; To my horror, he took a gun out of his pocket.) zu

9) ([tə] used before an infinitive eg after various verbs and adjectives, or in other constructions: I want to go!; He asked me to come; He worked hard to (= in order to) earn a lot of money; These buildings were designed to (= so as to) resist earthquakes; She opened her eyes to find him standing beside her; I arrived too late to see him.) zu, um zu

10) (used instead of a complete infinitive: He asked her to stay but she didn't want to.) zu
2. [tu:] adverb
1) (into a closed or almost closed position: He pulled/pushed the door to.) zu

2) (used in phrasal verbs and compounds: He came to (= regained consciousness).) zu sich, dran

•

- to and fro

* * *

to

[tu:, tu, tə]

I. PREPOSITION

1. (moving towards) in + akk

, nach + dat

, zu + dat

she walked over \to the window sie ging [hinüber] zum Fenster [o ans Fenster]

we're going \to town wir gehen/fahren in die Stadt

they go \to work on the bus sie fahren mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I'm going \to a party/concert ich gehe auf eine Party/ein Konzert

she has to go \to a meeting now sie muss jetzt zu einem Meeting [gehen]

we moved \to Germany last year wir sind letztes Jahr nach Deutschland gezogen

he flew \to the US er flog in die USA

she's never been \to Mexico before sie ist noch nie [zuvor] in Mexiko gewesen

my first visit \to Africa mein erster Aufenthalt in Afrika

this is a road \to nowhere! diese Straße führt nirgendwohin!

parallel \to the x axis parallel zur x-Achse

from here \to the station von hier [bis] zum Bahnhof

on the way \to the mountains/the sea/the town centre auf dem Weg in die Berge/zum Meer/ins [o zum] Stadtzentrum

\to the north/south nördlich/südlich

twenty miles \to the north of the city zwanzig Meilen nördlich der Stadt

the suburbs are \to the west of the city die Vororte liegen im Westen der Stadt

from place \to place von Ort zu Ort

\to the right/left nach rechts/links

there \to the right dort rechts

he's standing \to the left of Adrian er steht links neben Adrian

2. (attending regularly) zu + dat

, in + dat

she goes \to kindergarten sie geht in den Kindergarten

he goes \to university er geht auf die Universität

do you go \to church? gehst du in die Kirche?

I go \to the gym twice a week ich gehe zweimal wöchentlich zum Fitness

3. (inviting to) zu + dat

an invitation \to a wedding eine Einladung zu einer Hochzeit

I've asked them \to dinner ich habe sie zum Essen eingeladen

she took me out \to lunch yesterday sie hat mich gestern zum Mittagessen ausgeführt [o eingeladen

4. (in direction of) auf + akk

she pointed \to a distant spot on the horizon sie zeigte auf einen fernen Punkt am Horizont

to have one's back \to sth/sb etw/jdm den Rücken zudrehen

back \to front verkehrt herum

5. (in contact with) an + dat

they were dancing cheek \to cheek sie tanzten Wange an Wange

she put her hand \to his breast sie legte die Hand auf seine Brust

she clasped the letter \to her bosom sie drückte den Brief an ihre Brust

6. (attached to) an + akk

tie the lead \to the fence mach die Leine am Zaun fest

they fixed the bookshelves \to the wall sie brachten die Bücherregale an der Wand an

stick the ads \to some paper klebe die Anzeigen auf ein Blatt Papier

7. (with indirect object)

▪ \to sb/sth jdm/etw dat

I lent my bike \to my brother ich habe meinem Bruder mein Fahrrad geliehen

give that gun \to me gib mir das Gewehr

children are often cruel \to each other Kinder sind oft grausam zueinander

who's the letter addressed \to? an wen ist der Brief adressiert?

what have they done \to you? was haben sie dir [an]getan?

her knowledge proved useful \to him ihr Wissen erwies sich als hilfreich für ihn

they made a complaint \to the manager sie reichten beim Geschäftsleiter eine Beschwerde ein

a threat \to world peace eine Bedrohung des Weltfriedens [o für den Weltfrieden]

to be grateful \to sb jdm dankbar sein

to be married \to sb mit jdm verheiratet sein

to tell/show sth \to sb jdm etw erzählen/zeigen

8. (with respect to) zu + dat

and what did you say \to that? und was hast du dazu gesagt?

he finally confessed \to the crime er gestand schließlich das Verbrechen

this is essential \to our strategy dies ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil unserer Strategie

9. (in response) auf + akk

a reference \to Psalm 22:18 ein Verweis auf Psalm 22:18

her reply \to the question ihre Antwort auf die Frage

and what was her response \to that? und wie lautete ihr Antwort darauf?

10. (belonging to) zu + dat

the keys \to his car seine Autoschlüssel

the top \to this pen die Kappe, die auf diesen Stift gehört

she has a mean side \to her sie kann auch sehr gemein sein

there is a very moral tone \to this book dieses Buch hat einen sehr moralischen Unterton

there's a funny side \to everything alles hat auch seine komische Seite

11. (compared to) mit + dat

I prefer beef \to seafood ich ziehe Rindfleisch Meeresfrüchten vor

she looked about thirty \to his sixty neben ihm mit seinen sechzig Jahren wirkte sie wie dreißig

to be comparable \to sth mit etw dat vergleichbar sein

[to be] nothing \to sth nichts im Vergleich zu etw dat [sein]

her wage is nothing \to what she could earn ihr Einkommen steht in keinem Vergleich zu dem, was sie verdienen könnte

to be superior \to sb jdm übergeordnet sein, höher stehen als jd

12. (in scores) zu + dat

Paul beat me by three games \to two Paul hat im Spiel drei zu zwei gegen mich gewonnen

Manchester won three \to one Manchester hat drei zu eins gewonnen

13. (until) bis + dat

, zu + dat

I read up \to page 100 ich habe bis Seite 100 gelesen

unemployment has risen \to almost 8 million die Arbeitslosigkeit ist auf fast 8 Millionen angestiegen

count \to 20 zähle bis 20

it's about fifty miles \to New York es sind [noch] etwa fünfzig Meilen bis New York

14. (expressing change of state) zu + dat

he converted \to Islam er ist zum Islam übergetreten

his expression changed from amazement \to joy sein Ausdruck wechselte von Erstaunen zu Freude

the change \to the metric system der Wechsel zum metrischen System

her promotion \to department manager ihre Beförderung zur Abteilungsleiterin

the meat was cooked \to perfection das Fleisch war bestens zubereitet

he drank himself \to death er trank sich zu Tode

she nursed me back \to health sie hat mich [wieder] gesund gepflegt

smashed \to pieces in tausend Stücke geschlagen

she was close \to tears sie war den Tränen nahe

he was thrilled \to bits er freute sich wahnsinnig

15. (to point in time) bis + dat

the shop is open \to 8.00 p.m. der Laden hat bis 20 Uhr geöffnet

we're in this \to the end wir führen dies bis zum Ende

and \to this day... und bis auf den heutigen Tag...

it's only two weeks \to your birthday! es sind nur noch zwei Wochen bis zu deinem Geburtstag!

16. (including)

▪ from... \to... von... bis...

from beginning \to end von Anfang bis Ende

from morning \to night von morgens bis abends

front \to back von vorne bis hinten, von allen Seiten

I read the document front \to back ich habe das Dokument von vorne bis hinten gelesen

he's done everything from snowboarding \to windsurfing er hat von Snowboarden bis Windsurfen alles [mal] gemacht

from simple theft \to cold-blooded murder vom einfachen Diebstahl bis zum kaltblütigen Mord

17. BRIT (in clock times) vor, bis SÜDD

it's twenty \to six es ist zwanzig vor sechs

18. (causing) zu + dat

\to my relief/horror/astonishment zu meiner Erleichterung/meinem Entsetzen/meinem Erstaunen

much \to her surprise zu ihrer großen Überraschung

19. (according to) für + akk

\to me, it sounds like she's ending the relationship für mich hört sich das an, als ob sie die Beziehung beenden wollte

that outfit looks good \to me das Outfit gefällt mir gut

if it's acceptable \to you wenn Sie einverstanden sind

this would be \to your advantage das wäre zu deinem Vorteil, das wäre für dich von Vorteil

does this make any sense \to you? findest du das auf irgendeine Weise einleuchtend?

fifty pounds is nothing \to him fünfzig Pfund sind nichts für ihn

what's it \to you? ( fam) was geht dich das an?

20. (serving) für + akk

he works as a personal trainer \to the rich and famous er arbeitet als Personal Trainer für die Reichen und Berühmten

they are hat makers \to Her Majesty the Queen sie sind Hutmacher Ihrer Majestät, der Königin

economic adviser \to the president Wirtschaftsberater des Präsidenten

21. FILM (next to)

she was Ophelia \to Olivier's Hamlet in der Verfilmung von Olivier spielte sie neben Hamlet die Ophelia

22. (in honour of) auf + akk

here's \to you! auf dein/Ihr Wohl!

\to the cook! auf den Koch/die Köchin!

the record is dedicated \to her mother die Schallplatte ist ihrer Mutter gewidmet

I propose a toast \to the bride and groom ich bringe einen Toast auf die Braut und den Bräutigam aus

a memorial \to all the soldiers who died in Vietnam ein Denkmal für alle im Vietnamkrieg gefallenen Soldaten

23. (per)

the car gets 25 miles \to the gallon das Auto verbraucht eine Gallone auf 25 Meilen

three parts oil \to one part vinegar drei Teile Öl auf einen Teil Essig

the odds are 2 \to 1 that you'll lose die Chancen stehen 2 zu 1, dass du verlierst

24. (as a result of) von + dat

she awoke \to the sound of screaming sie wurden durch laute Schreie wach

I like exercising \to music ich trainiere gerne mit Musik

I can't dance \to this sort of music ich kann zu dieser Art Musik nicht tanzen

the band walked on stage \to rapturous applause die Band zog unter tosendem Applaus auf die Bühne

25. (roughly) bis + dat

thirty \to thirty-five people dreißig bis fünfunddreißig Leute

26. MATH (defining exponent) hoch

ten \to the power of three zehn hoch drei

27.

▶ that's all there is \to it das ist schon alles

▶ there's not much [or nothing] \to it das ist nichts Besonderes, da ist nichts Besonderes dabei

II. TO FORM INFINITIVES

1. (expressing future intention) zu

she agreed \to help sie erklärte sich bereit zu helfen

I'll have \to tell him ich werde es ihm sagen müssen

I don't expect \to be finished any later than seven ich denke, dass ich spätestens um sieben fertig sein werde

he lived \to see his first grandchild er durfte erleben, dass sein erstes Enkelkind geboren wurde

I have \to go on a business trip ich muss auf eine Geschäftsreise

the company is \to pay over £500,000 die Firma muss über 500.000 Pfund bezahlen

he's going \to write his memoirs er wird seine Memoiren schreiben

I have some things \to be fixed ich habe einige Dinge zu reparieren

Blair \to meet with Bush Blair trifft Bush

to be about \to do sth gerade etw tun wollen, im Begriff sein, etw zu tun

2. (forming requests) zu

she was told \to have the report finished by Friday sie wurde gebeten, den Bericht bis Freitag fertigzustellen

he told me \to wait er sagte mir, ich solle warten

I asked her \to give me a call ich bat sie, mich anzurufen

we asked her \to explain wir baten sie, es uns zu erklären

you've not \to do that du sollst das nicht tun

that man is not \to come here again der Mann darf dieses Haus nicht mehr betreten

young man, you're \to go to your room right now junger Mann, du gehst jetzt auf dein Zimmer

3. (expressing wish) zu

I need \to eat something first ich muss zuerst etwas essen

I'd love \to live in New York ich würde nur zu gern in New York leben

would you like \to dance? möchten Sie tanzen?

that child ought \to be in bed das Kind sollte [schon] im Bett sein

I want \to go now ich möchte jetzt gehen

I need \to go to the bathroom ich muss mal auf die Toilette

do you want \to come with us? willst du [mit uns] mitkommen?

I'd love \to go to France this summer ich würde diesen Sommer gern nach Frankreich fahren

4. (omitting verb)

are you going tonight? — I'm certainly hoping \to gehst du heute Abend? — das hoffe ich sehr

would you like to go and see the Russian clowns? — yes, I'd love \to möchtest du gern die russischen Clowns sehen? — ja, sehr gern

can you drive? — yes I'm able \to but I prefer not \to kannst du Auto fahren? — ja, das kann ich, aber ich fahre nicht gern

5. after adj (to complete meaning)

it's not likely \to happen es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass das geschieht, das wird wohl kaum geschehen

I was afraid \to tell her ich hatte Angst, es ihr zu sagen

he's able \to speak four languages er spricht vier Sprachen

she's due \to have her baby sie bekommt bald ihr Baby

I'm afraid \to fly ich habe Angst vorm Fliegen

she's happy \to see you back sie ist froh, dass du wieder zurück bist

I'm sorry \to hear that es tut mir leid, das zu hören

easy \to use leicht zu bedienen

languages are fun \to learn Sprachenlernen macht Spaß

it is interesting \to know that es ist interessant, das zu wissen

three months is too long \to wait drei Monate zu warten ist zu lang

I'm too nervous \to talk right now ich bin zu nervös, um jetzt zu sprechen

6. (expressing purpose)

I'm going there \to see my sister ich gehe dort hin, um meine Schwester zu treffen

she's gone \to pick Jean up sie ist Jean abholen gegangen

my second attempt \to make flaky pastry mein zweiter Versuch, einen Blätterteig zu machen

they have no reason \to lie sie haben keinerlei Grund zu lügen

I have the chance \to buy a house cheaply ich habe die Gelegenheit, billig ein Haus zu kaufen

something \to eat etwas zu essen

the first person \to arrive die erste Person, die ankam [o eintraf]

Armstrong was the first man \to walk on the moon Armstrong war der erste Mann, der den Mond betrat

7. (expressing intent)

we tried \to help wir versuchten zu helfen

\to make this cake, you'll need... für diesen Kuchen braucht man...

he managed \to escape es gelang ihm zu entkommen

8. (after wh- words)

I don't know what \to do ich weiß nicht, was ich tun soll

I don't know where \to begin ich weiß nicht, wo ich anfangen soll

she was wondering whether \to ask David about it sie fragte sich, ob sie David deswegen fragen sollte

can you tell me how \to get there? könne Sie mir sagen, wie ich dort hinkomme?

9. (introducing clause)

\to tell the truth [or \to be truthful] um die Wahrheit zu sagen

\to be quite truthful with you, Dave, I never really liked the man ich muss dir ehrlich sagen, Dave, ich konnte diesen Mann noch nie leiden

\to be honest um ehrlich zu sein

10. (in consecutive acts) um zu

he looked up \to greet his guests er blickte auf, um seine Gäste zu begrüßen

she reached out \to take his hand sie griff nach seiner Hand

they turned around \to find their car gone sie drehten sich um und bemerkten, dass ihr Auto verschwunden war

III. ADVERB

inv zu

to push [or pull] the door \to die Tür zuschlagen

to come \to zu sich dat kommen

to set \to sich akk daranmachen fam

they set \to with a will, determined to finish the job sie machten sich mit Nachdruck daran, entschlossen, die Arbeit zu Ende zu bringen

* * *
[tuː]
1. PREPOSITION

1) = in direction of, towards zu

to go to the station — zum Bahnhof gehen

to go to the doctor( 's)/greengrocer's etc — zum Arzt/Gemüsehändler etc gehen

to go to the opera/concert etc — in die Oper/ins Konzert etc gehen

to go to France/London — nach Frankreich/London fahren

to go to Switzerland —

to go to school to go to bed — zur Schule or in die Schule gehen ins or zu Bett gehen

to the left — nach links

to the west — nach Westen

he came up to where I was standing —

to fall to the ground — auf den Boden or zu Boden fallen

to turn a picture/one's face to the wall — ein Bild/sich mit dem Gesicht zur Wand drehen

hold it up to the light — halte es gegen das Licht

2) = as far as, until bis

to count (up) to 20 —

there were (from) 40 to 60 people — es waren 40 bis 60 Leute da

it's 90 kms to Paris — nach Paris sind es 90 km

it's correct to a millimetre — es stimmt bis auf den Millimeter

8 years ago to the day — auf den Tag genau vor 8 Jahren

to this day — bis auf den heutigen Tag

they perished to a man — sie kamen alle bis auf den letzten Mann ums Leben

3) = in in (+dat)

I have never been to Brussels/India — ich war noch nie in Brüssel/Indien

4)

= secure to he nailed it to the wall/floor etc — er nagelte es an die Wand/auf den Boden etc

they tied him to the tree —

they held him to the ground — sie hielten ihn am Boden

5)

with indirect object to give sth to sb — jdm etw geben

a present from me to you —

who did you give it to? — wem haben Sie es gegeben?

I said to myself... — ich habe mir gesagt...

he was muttering/singing to himself — er murmelte/sang vor sich hin

what is it to you? — was geht dich das an?

he is kind to everyone — er ist zu allen freundlich

it's a great help to me — das ist eine große Hilfe für mich

he has been a good friend to us — er war uns (dat)

"To... " (on envelope etc) to pray to God — "An (+acc)..." zu Gott beten

6) in toasts auf (+acc)

to drink to sb — jdm zutrinken

to drink to sb's health — auf jds Wohl (acc) trinken

7)

= next to with position bumper to bumper — Stoßstange an Stoßstange

close to sb/sth — nahe bei jdm/etw

at right angles to the wall —

parallel to the wall — parallel zur Wand

to the west (of)/the left (of) — westlich/links (von)

8) with expressions of time vor

20 ( minutes) to 2 — 20 (Minuten) vor 2

at (a) quarter to 2 — um Viertel vor 2

25 to 3 — 5 (Minuten) nach halb 3

it was five to when we arrived — es war fünf vor, als wir ankamen

9) = in relation to zu

A is to B as C is to D —

by a majority of 10 to 7 — mit einer Mehrheit von 10 zu 7

they won by 4 goals to 2 — sie haben mit 4:2 (spoken: vier zu zwei) Toren gewonnen

10) = per pro; (in recipes, when mixing) auf (+acc)

one person to a room — eine Person pro Zimmer

11) MATH

3 to the 4th, 3 to the power of 4 — 3 hoch 4

12)

= concerning what do you say to the idea? — was hältst du von der Idee?

what would you say to a beer? — was hältst du von einem Bier?

that's all there is to it — das ist alles

to repairing television £30 (Comm) — (für) Reparatur eines Fernsehers £ 30

13)

= according to to the best of my knowledge — nach bestem Wissen

it's not to my taste — das ist nicht nach meinem Geschmack

14)

= accompanied by to sing to the guitar —

to sing sth to the tune of... — etw nach der Melodie von... singen

to dance to a tune/a band — zu einer Melodie/den Klängen or der Musik eines Orchesters tanzen

15)

= of ambassador to America/the King of France — Botschafter in Amerika/am Hofe des Königs von Frankreich

secretary to the director — Sekretärin des Direktors

16)

= producing to everyone's surprise — zu jedermanns Überraschung

17)

infinitive to begin to do sth — anfangen, etw zu tun

he decided to come — er beschloss zu kommen

I want to do it — ich will es tun

I want him to do it — ich will, dass er es tut

18)

conditional use of infinitive to see him now, one would never think... — wenn man ihn jetzt sieht, würde man nicht glauben,...

19)

infinitive expressing purpose, result to eat/work to live —

I did it to help you — ich tat es, um dir zu helfen

to get to the point,... — um zur Sache zu kommen,...

well, not to exaggerate... — ohne zu übertreiben,...

I arrived to find she had gone — als ich ankam, war sie weg

never to be found again — und wurde nie wiedergefunden

20)

omitting verb I don't want to — ich will nicht

I'll try to — ich werde es versuchen

you have to — du musst

I'd love to — sehr gerne

we didn't want to but we were forced to — wir wollten nicht, aber wir waren dazu gezwungen

I intended to (do it), but I forgot (to) — ich wollte es tun, aber ich habe es vergessen

buy it, it would be silly not to — kaufe es, es wäre dumm, es nicht zu tun

he often does things one doesn't expect him to — er macht oft Dinge, die man nicht von ihm erwartet

21)

set structures __diams; noun/pronoun + to + infinitive he is not the sort to do that — er ist nicht der Typ, der das täte, er ist nicht der Typ dazu

I have done nothing to deserve this — ich habe nichts getan, womit ich das verdient hätte

there's no-one to help us — es ist niemand da, der uns helfen könnte

who is he to order you around? — wer ist er denn, dass er dich so herumkommandiert?

he was the first to arrive — er kam als Erster an, er war der Erste, der ankam

who was the last to see her? —

there is much to be done — es gibt viel zu tun

what is there to do here? —

now is the time to do it — jetzt ist die (beste) Zeit, es zu tun

the book is still to be written — das Buch muss noch geschrieben werden

are you ready to go at last? — bist du endlich fertig?

it's hard to understand — es ist schwer zu verstehen

it's impossible to believe — das kann man einfach nicht glauben

you are foolish to try it — du bist dumm, das überhaupt zu versuchen

is it good to eat? —

it's too heavy to lift too young to marry — es ist zu schwer zum Heben zu jung zum Heiraten

he's too old to be still in short trousers — er ist schon so alt und trägt noch kurze Hosen

2. ADJECTIVE
door (= ajar) angelehnt; (= shut) zu
3. ADVERB

to and fro — hin und her; walk auf und ab

* * *

to

A präp [tuː; tʊ; tə]

1. (Grundbedeutung) zu

2. (Richtung und Ziel, räumlich) zu, nach, an (akk), in (akk), auf (akk):

go to London nach London fahren;

from east to west von Osten nach Westen;

throw sth to the ground etwas auf den oder zu Boden werfen

3. in (dat):

have you ever been to London?

4. (Richtung, Ziel, Zweck) zu, auf (akk), an (akk), in (akk), für, gegen:

play to a large audience vor einem großen Publikum spielen; → duty A 1 a, invite A 1, pray B 2, etc

5. (Zugehörigkeit) zu, in (akk), für, auf (akk):

that is all there is to it das ist alles;

a cap with a tassel to it eine Mütze mit einer Troddel (daran);

a key to the case ein Schlüssel für den oder zum Koffer;

a room to myself ein Zimmer für mich (allein); → assistant B 1, end C 7, moral B 1, secretary 1, etc

6. (Übereinstimmung, Gemäßheit) nach, für, gemäß: → astonishment, etc

7. (im Verhältnis oder Vergleich) zu, gegen, gegenüber, auf (akk), mit:

the score is three to one (3-1) das Spiel oder es steht drei zu eins (3:1);

two is to four as four is to eight zwei verhält sich zu vier wie vier zu acht

8. (Ausmaß, Grenze, Grad) bis, (bis) zu, (bis) an (akk), auf (akk), in (dat):

to the clouds bis an die Wolken;

ten feet to the ground zehn Fuß bis zum Boden; → craziness

9. (zeitliche Ausdehnung oder Grenze) bis, bis zu, bis gegen, auf (akk), vor (dat):

from three to four von drei bis vier (Uhr);

it’s ten to five es ist zehn vor fünf

10. (Begleitung) zu, nach:

sing to a guitar zu einer Gitarre singen;

they danced to a tune sie tanzten nach einer Melodie; → dance A 1

11. zur Bildung des Dativs:

a) betont:

he gave the book to me, not to you! er gab das Buch mir, nicht Ihnen!

b) unbetont:

she was a good mother to him sie war ihm eine gute Mutter

B partikel [tʊ; tə]

1. zur Bezeichnung des Infinitivs:

to go gehen;

easy to understand leicht zu verstehen;

she was heard to cry man hörte sie weinen

2. (Zweck, Absicht) um zu, zu:

he only does it to earn money er tut es nur, um Geld zu verdienen

3. zur Verkürzung des Nebensatzes:

I weep to think of it ich weine, wenn ich daran denke;

he was the first to arrive er kam als Erster;

to hear him talk wenn man ihn (so) reden hört; → honest A 1 b

4. zur Bezeichnung eines Grundes:

why blame you me to love you? obs oder poet was tadelst du mich, weil ich dich liebe?

5. zur Andeutung eines aus dem Vorhergehenden zu ergänzenden Infinitivs:

I don’t go because I don’t want to ich gehe nicht, weil ich nicht (gehen) will

C adv [tuː]

1. a) zu, geschlossen:

pull the door to die Türe zuziehen

b) angelehnt:

leave the door to

2. (wieder) zu Bewusstsein oder zu sich: → bring to A 1, come to 1

3. SCHIFF nahe am Wind:

keep her to!

4. to and fro

a) hin und her,

b) auf und ab

* * *
1.
[before vowel tʊ, before consonant tə, stressed tuː] preposition

1) (in the direction of and reaching) zu; (with name of place) nach

go to work/to the theatre — zur Arbeit/ins Theater gehen

to Paris/France — nach Paris/Frankreich

go from town to town — von Stadt zu Stadt ziehen

throw the ball to me — wirf mir den Ball zu

2) (towards a condition or quality) zu

appoint somebody to a post — jemanden auf einen Posten berufen

3) (as far as) bis zu

from London to Edinburgh — von London [bis] nach Edinburgh

increase from 10 % to 20 % — von 10 % auf 20 % steigen

4) (next to, facing)

with one's back to the wall — mit dem Rücken zur Wand

5) (implying comparison, ratio, etc.)

[compared] to — verglichen mit; im Vergleich zu

3 is to 4 as 6 is to 8 — 3 verhält sich zu 4 wie 6 zu 8

it's ten to one he does something — die Chancen stehen zehn zu eins, dass er etwas tut

6) introducing relationship or indirect object

to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache (Dat.)

lend/explain etc. something to somebody — jemandem etwas leihen/erklären usw.

speak to somebody — mit jemandem sprechen

relate to something — sich auf etwas (Akk.) beziehen

to me — (in my opinion) meiner Meinung nach

secretary to the Minister — Sekretär des Ministers

a room to oneself — ein eigenes Zimmer

get four apples to the pound — vier Äpfel je Pfund bekommen

that's all there is to it — mehr ist dazu nicht zu sagen

what's that to you? — was geht das dich an?

7) (until) bis

to the end — bis zum Ende

to this day — bis heute

five [minutes] to eight — fünf [Minuten] vor acht

8) with infinitive of a verb zu; expressing purpose, or after too um [...] zu

want to know — wissen wollen

do something to annoy somebody — etwas tun, um jemanden zu ärgern

too young to marry — zu jung, um zu heiraten; zu jung zum Heiraten

too hot to drink — zu heiß zum Trinken

to rebel is pointless — es ist sinnlos zu rebellieren

he woke to find himself in a strange room — er erwachte und fand sich in einem fremden Zimmer wieder

to use a technical term — um einen Fachausdruck zu gebrauchen

9) as substitute for infinitive

he would have phoned but forgot to — er hätte angerufen, aber er vergaß es

she didn't want to go there, but she had to — sie wollte nicht hingehen, aber sie musste
2.
[tuː] adverb

1) (just not shut)

be to — [Tür, Fenster:] angelehnt sein

push a door to — eine Tür anlehnen

2)

to and fro — hin und her

English-german dictionary > to
17 leave

Ⅰ.

leave¹ [li:v]

partir ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) quitter ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b), 2 (d) laisser ⇒ 2 (c), 2 (d)-(h), 2 (j), 2 (l) oublier ⇒ 2 (g) léguer ⇒ 2 (n) congé ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c) permission ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (b)

(pt & pp left [left])

1 intransitive verb

(a) (depart) partir;

∎ my flight leaves at ten mon avion part à dix heures;

∎ when did you leave? quand est-ce que vous êtes partis?;

∎ we're leaving for Mexico tomorrow nous partons pour le Mexique demain;

∎ which station do you leave from? vous partez de quelle gare?;

∎ he's just left for lunch il vient de partir déjeuner;

∎ if you'd rather I left... si vous voulez que je vous laisse...

(b) (quit) partir;

∎ half of the staff have left la moitié du personnel est partie;

∎ fewer schoolchildren are now leaving at sixteen les élèves sont aujourd'hui moins nombreux à quitter l'école à seize ans

(c) (end relationship)

∎ Charles, I'm leaving! Charles, je te quitte!

2 transitive verb

(a) (depart from → place) quitter;

∎ she left London yesterday elle est partie de ou elle a quitté Londres hier;

∎ he left the room il est sorti de ou il a quitté la pièce;

∎ I leave home at 8 o'clock every morning je pars ou je sors de chez moi tous les matins à 8 heures;

∎ she never leaves the house elle ne sort jamais de la maison;

∎ to leave the table se lever de table;

∎ may I leave the table? est-ce que je peux sortir de table?;

∎ the boat finally left port at 6 o'clock le bateau quitta finalement le port à 6 heures;

∎ his brakes failed and the car left the road ses freins ont lâché et la voiture a quitté la route;

∎ the train left the rails le train a déraillé;

∎ his eyes never left her il ne la quittait pas des yeux

(b) (quit → job, institution) quitter;

∎ she left the firm last year elle a quitté l'entreprise l'année dernière;

∎ I left home at eighteen je suis parti de chez moi ou de chez mes parents à dix-huit ans;

∎ to leave school quitter l'école;

∎ he left Oxford without finishing his studies il a quitté Oxford sans avoir terminé ses études;

∎ Military to leave the service quitter le service

(c) (in specified place or state) laisser;

∎ you can't leave them alone for a minute on ne peut pas les laisser seuls une minute;

∎ he left her asleep on the sofa elle était endormie sur le canapé lorsqu'il la quitta;

∎ I left him to his reading je l'ai laissé à sa lecture;

∎ I left him to himself je l'ai laissé seul;

∎ left to himself, who knows what he'd do? qui sait ce qu'il ferait s'il était livré à lui-même?;

∎ just leave me alone! laissez-moi tranquille!;

∎ let's leave it at that, we'll leave it at that (not do any more work) arrêtons-nous là; (not argue any more) n'en parlons plus

(d) (abandon → person) quitter; (take leave of → person) laisser;

∎ she left him for another man elle l'a quitté pour un autre;

∎ the prisoners were left to die les prisonniers furent abandonnés à une mort certaine;

∎ it's getting late, I must leave you now il se fait tard, je dois vous laisser;

∎ you may leave us now vous pouvez disposer maintenant

(e) (deposit, set down) laisser;

∎ it's no trouble to leave you at the station ça ne me dérange pas de vous laisser ou déposer à la gare

(f) (for someone's use, information etc) laisser;

∎ I've left your dinner in the oven for you je t'ai laissé de quoi dîner dans le four;

∎ leave your name with the receptionist laissez votre nom à la réception;

∎ he's out, do you want to leave (him) a message? il n'est pas là, voulez-vous (lui) laisser un message?;

∎ she left word for you to call her back elle a demandé que vous la rappeliez

(g) (forget) laisser, oublier;

∎ I must have left my gloves at the café j'ai dû oublier mes gants au café

(h) (allow or cause to remain) laisser;

∎ leave some cake for your brother laisse du gâteau pour ton frère;

∎ if you don't like your dinner, then leave it si tu n'aimes pas ton dîner, laisse-le;

∎ leave enough space for the address laissez assez de place pour l'adresse;

∎ leave the stew to cook for two hours laissez mijoter le ragoût pendant deux heures;

∎ leave yourself an hour to get to the airport prévoyez une heure pour aller à l'aéroport;

∎ I only left myself £20 a week to live on je n'avais plus que 20 livres par semaine pour me nourrir;

∎ don't leave things to the last minute n'attendez pas la dernière minute (pour faire ce que vous avez à faire);

∎ he left his work unfinished il n'a pas terminé son travail;

∎ he left his dinner untouched il ne toucha pas à son dîner;

∎ please leave the windows closed veuillez laisser les fenêtres fermées;

∎ to leave sth unsaid passer qch sous silence;

∎ their behaviour leaves a lot to be desired leur conduite laisse beaucoup à désirer;

∎ her words left me curious to know more le peu qu'elle a dit m'a donné l'envie d'en savoir plus;

∎ the decision leaves me in a bit of a quandary cette décision me place devant un dilemme;

∎ I want to be left on/off the list je veux que mon nom reste/je ne veux pas que mon nom figure sur la liste;

∎ I was left with the bill c'est moi qui ai dû payer l'addition;

∎ she had been left a widow at thirty elle s'était retrouvée veuve à l'âge de trente ans;

∎ the flood has left thousands homeless les inondations ont fait des milliers de sans-abri

(i) (passive use) to be left (remain) rester;

∎ we finished what was left of the cake on a fini ce qui restait du gâteau;

∎ there's nothing left il ne reste (plus) rien;

∎ there wasn't enough left to go round il n'en restait pas assez pour tout le monde;

∎ I've got £10/10 minutes left il me reste 10 livres/10 minutes;

∎ there's no doubt left in my mind il n'y a plus le moindre doute dans mon esprit;

∎ he had nothing left to do but lock up the house il ne lui restait (plus) qu'à fermer la maison

(j) (mark, trace) laisser;

∎ the wine left a stain le vin a fait une tache

(k) (allow)

∎ can I leave you to deal with it, then? vous vous en chargez, alors?;

∎ she leaves me to get on with things elle me laisse faire;

∎ to leave sb in charge of sth confier la responsabilité de qch à qn;

∎ right then, I'll leave you to it bon, eh bien, je te laisse

(l) (entrust) laisser, confier;

∎ can I leave my suitcase with you for a few minutes? puis-je vous confier ma valise quelques instants?;

∎ she left the detailed arrangements to her secretary elle a laissé à sa secrétaire le soin de régler les détails;

∎ you should leave such tasks to a specialist vous devriez laisser ou confier ce genre de travail à un spécialiste;

∎ nothing was left to chance on avait paré à toutes les éventualités;

∎ I'll leave it to you to finish it off je vous laisse (le soin de) finir;

∎ leave it to me! je m'en occupe!, je m'en charge!;

∎ leave it with me laissez-moi faire, je m'en charge

(m) British Mathematics

∎ 9 from 16 leaves 7 16 moins 9 égale 7;

∎ what does 29 from 88 leave? 29 ôté de 88 égale combien?

(n) (bequeath) léguer;

∎ she left all her money to charity elle légua toute sa fortune à des œuvres de charité

(o) (be survived by)

∎ he leaves a wife and two children il laisse une femme et deux enfants

3 noun

(a) (from work) congé m; Military permission f;

∎ to be/to go on leave (gen) être/partir en congé; Military être/partir en permission

(b) (permission) permission f, autorisation f;

∎ he asked leave to address the meeting il a demandé la permission de prendre la parole devant l'assemblée;

∎ by or with your leave avec votre permission;

∎ without so much as a by your leave sans même en demander la permission

(c) (farewell) congé m;

∎ to take one's leave (of sb) prendre congé (de qn);

∎ to take leave of sb prendre congé de qn;

∎ figurative to take leave of one's senses perdre la tête ou la raison

►► leave of absence congé m (exceptionnel); (without pay) congé m sans solde; Military permission f exceptionnelle

➲ leave about, leave around separable transitive verb

laisser traîner;

∎ he leaves his stuff around everywhere il laisse traîner ses affaires partout

➲ leave aside separable transitive verb

laisser de côté;

∎ leaving aside the question of cost for the moment si on laisse de côté pour le moment la question du coût

➲ leave behind separable transitive verb

(a) (not take) laisser;

∎ it's hard to leave all your friends and relations behind c'est dur de laisser tous ses amis et sa famille derrière soi;

∎ they left me behind ils sont partis sans moi

(b) (forget) laisser, oublier;

∎ somebody left their watch behind quelqu'un a laissé ou oublié sa montre

(c) (leave as trace) laisser;

∎ the cyclone left behind a trail of destruction le cyclone a tout détruit sur son passage

(d) (outstrip) distancer, devancer;

∎ she soon left the other runners behind elle a vite distancé tous les autres coureurs;

∎ if you don't work harder you'll soon get left behind si tu ne travailles pas plus, tu vas vite te retrouver loin derrière les autres

➲ leave in separable transitive verb

(word, paragraph) garder, laisser

➲ leave off

1 intransitive verb

(stop) s'arrêter;

∎ we'll carry on from where we left off nous allons reprendre là où nous nous étions arrêtés;

∎ British familiar leave off, will you! arrête, tu veux!

2 inseparable transitive verb

British familiar (stop)

∎ to leave off doing sth arrêter de faire qch^□ ;

∎ if it leaves off raining, we'll go for a walk s'il s'arrête de pleuvoir ou si la pluie cesse, nous irons nous promener

3 separable transitive verb

(a) (not put on) ne pas remettre;

∎ who left the top of the toothpaste off? qui a laissé le tube de dentifrice débouché?;

∎ you can leave your jacket off ce n'est pas la peine de remettre ta veste

(b) (not switch or turn on → tap, gas) laisser fermé; (→ light) laisser éteint; (not plug in → appliance) laisser débranché;

∎ we left the heating off while we were away nous avons arrêté ou coupé le chauffage pendant notre absence

➲ leave on separable transitive verb

(a) (not take off → garment) garder; (→ top, cover) laisser;

∎ don't leave the price tag on enlève l'étiquette

(b) (not switch or turn off → tap, gas) laisser ouvert; (→ light) laisser allumé; (not unplug → appliance) laisser branché;

∎ I hope I didn't leave the gas on j'espère que j'ai éteint le gaz

➲ leave out separable transitive verb

(a) (omit) omettre;

∎ several names have been left out plusieurs noms ont été omis;

∎ leave out any reference to her husband in your article dans votre article, évitez toute allusion à son mari

(b) (exclude) exclure;

∎ I felt completely left out at the party j'ai eu le sentiment d'être totalement tenu à l'écart ou exclu de leur petite fête;

∎ leave her out of this! laissez-la en dehors de ça!, ne la mêlez pas à ça!

(c) (not put away → by accident) ne pas ranger; (→ on purpose) laisser sorti, ne pas ranger;

∎ he left a meal out for the children il a laissé un repas tout prêt pour les enfants;

∎ leave the disks out where I can see them laisse les disquettes en évidence;

∎ who left the milk out overnight? qui a oublié de mettre le lait au frigo hier soir?

(d) (leave outdoors) laisser dehors;

∎ to leave the washing out to dry mettre le linge à sécher (dehors)

(e) British familiar (idiom)

∎ leave it out! arrête!

➲ leave over separable transitive verb

(allow or cause to remain) laisser;

∎ to be left over rester;

∎ there are still one or two left over il en reste encore un ou deux

Ⅱ.

leave² [li:v] (pt & pp leaved, cont leaving)

intransitive verb

Botany (produce leaves) feuiller

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > leave
18 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
19 home

həum 1. noun
1) (the house, town, country etc where a person etc usually lives: I work in London but my home is in Bournemouth; When I retire, I'll make my home in Bournemouth; Africa is the home of the lion; We'll have to find a home for the kitten.) hjem(sted), bosted

2) (the place from which a person, thing etc comes originally: America is the home of jazz.) hjemsted

3) (a place where children without parents, old people, people who are ill etc live and are looked after: an old folk's home; a nursing home.) (barne)hjem, institusjon

4) (a place where people stay while they are working: a nurses' home.) internat, -hjem

5) (a house: Crumpy Construction build fine homes for fine people; He invited me round to his home.) hus, hjem, bolig
2. adjective
1) (of a person's home or family: home comforts.) hjem-, hjemme-

2) (of the country etc where a person lives: home produce.) hjemlig, innenlandsk

3) ((in football) playing or played on a team's own ground: the home team; a home game.) hjemmekamp/-lag
3. adverb
1) (to a person's home: I'm going home now; Hallo - I'm home!) hjem, hjemme

2) (completely; to the place, position etc a thing is intended to be: He drove the nail home; Few of his punches went home; These photographs of the war brought home to me the suffering of the soldiers.) helt inn, i bunnen

•

- homeless
- homely
- homeliness
- homing
- home-coming
- home-grown
- homeland
- home-made
- home rule
- homesick
- homesickness
- homestead
- home truth
- homeward
- homewards
- homeward
- homework
- at home
- be/feel at home
- home in on
- leave home
- make oneself at home
- nothing to write home about

familie
--------
heim
--------
hus
--------
slekt
--------
ætt

I
subst. \/həʊm\/

1) hjem

2) bosted, hjemsted

3) hus, bolig

4) hjemland, hjemby, hjembygd, hjemsted, hjemstavn, barndomshjem

5) institusjon, hjem, pleiehjem

• maternity home

mødrehjem

• sailors' home

sjømannshjem

6) ( zoologi) habitat, tilholdssted

7) ( botanikk) vokseplass, voksested

8) (sport, spill) mål

9) ( sport) hjemmekamp

• 2 homes and 2 aways

to hjemmekamper og to bortekamper

10) ( EDB) hjem, tilbake til hjemmesiden, tilbake til hjemmeposisjon

• click here to get home

klikk her for å komme hjem

at home hjemme

• stay at home

bli hjemme

• at home and abroad

hjemme og i utlandet

• be at home

være hjemme hos seg selv

( overført) som hjemme, avslappet, komfortabel

• feel at home

føle seg som hjemme, finne seg til rette

• make oneself at home

føle seg som hjemme

• make yourself at home

føl deg som hjemme

( overført) hjemme, bevandret, informert, på hjemmebane ( sport) hjemme, på hjemmebane

• is the next match at home or away?

er neste kamp hjemmekamp eller bortekamp? tilgjengelig, hjemme, forklaring: i stand eller villig til å ta imot noen

be at home in\/with (være) fortrolig med, føle seg hjemme i, (være) bevandret i, (være) vant med

be at home to somebody være villig til å ta imot noen, være tilgjengelig for noen

• I am not at home to anybody

jeg tar ikke imot noen

away from home hjemmefra, borte

• go away from home

reise bort

• be away from home

være bortreist

east or west, home is best borte bra, men hjemme best

from home hjemmefra

• she got a letter from home

hun fikk brev hjemmefra

go to one's long\/last home gå til den evige\/siste hvile

• he has gone to his long home

han har gått inn til den evige hvile

leave home reise hjemmefra

leave for home reise hjem fra, flytte hjem fra

• he left India for home

han reiste hjem fra India

make one's home bosette seg, slå seg ned, skape seg et hjem

• make one's home in the country

slå seg ned på landet

my home is my castle mitt hjem er min borg

old people's home gamlehjem

• he's at an old people's home

han er på gamlehjem

set out for home eller make for home begi seg på hjemveien, sette kursen hjemover

there is no place like home borte bra, men hjemme best
II
verb \/həʊm\/

1) ( om dyr) vende hjem, fly hjem

• a pigeon homes to its loft

en due vender hjem til dueslaget sitt

2) sende hjem, bringe hjem

3) skaffe hjem til, gi hjem til, huse

4) bo, ha sitt hjem

5) ( luftfart) forklaring: styre, dirigere eller begi seg mot målet ved hjelp av målsøkermekanisme (om fly, målsøkende raketter e.l.)

home in on bevege seg mot (som styrt av en ekstern kraft), sikte seg inn mot

• home in on a ship

sikte seg inn mot et skip
III
adj. \/həʊm\/

1) hjem-, hjemme-, hjemmets, hjemlig, som hører til hjemmet

• home computer

hjemmedatamaskin, hjemme-PC

• home life

hjemmeliv

• home cooking

hjemmelaget mat

• home freezer

hjemmefryser

2) lokal, fra stedet, fra egnen, som ligger i hjemtraktene, som ligger nær hjemmet

• a home girl

en jente fra egnen

3) ( sport) hjemme-

• home match

hjemmekamp

• home team

hjemmelag

4) innenlandsk, innenlands-, innenriks(-), hjemlig, hjemme-

• home products

ting produsert innenlands, nasjonale produkter

• home news

innenriksnyheter

5) som angår en selv

home affairs innenrikspolitikk, innenrikssaker

the home country hjemlandet

the home front hjemmefronten

the home industries hjemmeindustrien

the home market hjemmemarkedet

home question samvittighetsspørsmål

home trade innenrikshandel

home truth grunnleggende, men ubehagelig sannhet om en selv
IV
adv. \/həʊm\/

1) hjem

• go home

gå hjem

• welcome home

velkommen hjem

2) hjemover

3) hjemme, hjemkommet, kommet hjem

• is he home?

er han hjemme?

• is he home yet?

er han kommet hjem ennå?

• he is home from America

han er hjemkommet fra Amerika

4) i mål, fremme, sikret, i havn

5) ( også overført) helt inn, helt ned, helt fast, så langt det går, til bunns

• drive a nail home

slå en spiker helt inn

• screw something home

skru noe helt fast

• press a pedal home

tråkke pedalen helt til bunns

• the spear struck home to the tiger's heart

spydet gikk rett i tigerens hjerte

6) ( sjøfart) i ønsket posisjon, perfekt, optimalt

• sails sheeted home

7) ( sjøfart) i riktig stuet posisjon (om anker)

8) ( sjøfart) mot fartøyet (om anker)

bring something home to somebody overbevise noen om noe, få noen til å fatte noe, gjøre noe klart for noen

• it was brought home to me that

det ble (gjort) klart for meg at

legge skylden for noe på noen

• bring a crime home to somebody

legge skylden for en forbrytelse på noen

carry the argument home fullføre resonnementet, fullføre tankegangen

come home komme hjem ( sjøfart) dregge, slippe anker klare seg økonomisk, få endene til å møtes

• the publisher cannot come home on such a book

forleggeren kan ikke få endene til å møtes med en slik bok

come home to somebody gå opp for noen for alvor slå tilbake på noen

drive something home to somebody gjøre noe helt klart for noen, overbevise noen ettertrykkelig om noe, slå noe ettertrykkelig fast for noen

• he drove the argument home

han var helt overbevisende i sitt resonnement

go home gå hjem, dra hjem treffe, treffe blink

• the shot went home

skuddet traff blink

hit\/strike home ( overført) treffe blink, treffe hodet på spikeren, forårsake at noe ubehagelig begynner å gå opp for noen (om slag, rakett e.l.) treffe blink, treffe mål

be home and dry ( britisk) ha nådd sitt mål, være fremme ved målet, ha utrettet det man satte seg fore være i havn, være sikret

• the treaty is now home and dry

avtalen er nå i havn

be home free (amer.) ha nådd sitt mål, være fremme ved målet, ha utrettet det man satte seg fore være i havn, være sikret

• the treaty is now home free

avtalen er nå i havn

it's nothing to write home about ( hverdagslig) det er ikke noe å rope hurra for

push one's inquiries home gå helt til bunns med sine undersøkelser

put for home dra hjemover

see somebody home følge noen hjem

• I saw her home

jeg fulgte henne hjem

thrust\/press\/push an attack home fullføre et angrep

track something home spore noe til dets opphav, fastslå opphavet til noe

turn back home vende tilbake, vende hjem

win home nå sitt mål

English-Norwegian dictionary > home
20 settle

'setl
verb

1) (to place in a position of rest or comfort: I settled myself in the armchair.) instalar, colocar

2) (to come to rest: Dust had settled on the books.) asentarse

3) (to soothe: I gave him a pill to settle his nerves.) calmar

4) (to go and live: Many Scots settled in New Zealand.) instalarse, establecerse

5) (to reach a decision or agreement: Have you settled with the builders when they are to start work?; The dispute between management and employees is still not settled.) acordar, decidir, fijar

6) (to pay (a bill).) pagar, saldar la cuenta

•

- settlement
- settler
- settle down
- settle in
- settle on
- settle up

settle vb

1. establecerse

they left England and settled in Australia se marcharon de Inglaterra y se establecieron en Australia

2. resolver / decidir

the minister will settle the question el ministro resolverá la cuestión

3. posarse

the butterfly settled on a flower la mariposa se posó en una flor

to settle a bill saldar una cuenta / pagar una cuenta

El gerundio de settle se escribe settling

settle

tr['setəl]

noun

1 (wooden bench) banco

————————

settle

tr['setəl]

transitive verb

1 (establish) instalar, colocar; (make comfortable) poner cómodo,-a, acomodar

■ he settled himself on the sofa se puso cómodo en el sofá

2 (decide on, fix) acordar, decidir, fijar

■ we haven't settled where we're going yet todavía no hemos decidido adónde vamos

■ I've got to settle my affairs tengo que poner mis asuntos en orden

■ that's settled then queda decidido entonces

■ that settles it! ¡ya está!, ¡se acabó!

3 (sort out - problem, dispute) resolver, solucionar; (- differences) resolver, arreglar; (- score) arreglar, ajustar

■ we need to settle an argument tenemos que resolver una discusión

4 (calm - nerves) calmar; (- stomach) asentar; (- weather) arreglar, asentar

5 (pay - debt) pagar; (- account) saldar, liquidar

6 (colonize) colonizar, poblar

7 (cause to sink - sediment) depositar; (- dust) asentar

intransitive verb

1 (make one's home in) establecerse, afincarse, instalarse

2 (make oneself comfortable) ponerse cómodo,-a ( into, en), acomodarse ( into, en)

■ she settled back in the armchair se puso cómoda en el sillón

3 (bird, fly, etc) posarse; (dust) asentarse; (snow) cuajar; (cloud, fog) caer

4 (sediment, dregs) precipitarse, depositarse; (liquid) asentarse, clarificarse; (earth, ground) asentarse

5 (calm down - person) calmarse, tranquilizarse; (- weather) serenarse

6 (pay) pagar, saldar la cuenta, saldar la deuda

7 SMALLLAW/SMALL resolver

■ they settled out of court llegaron a un acuerdo amistoso

8 figurative use (silence, stillness, etc) caer

settle ['sɛt̬əl] v, settled ; settling vi

1) alight, land: posarse (dícese de las aves), depositarse (dícese del polvo)

2) sink: asentarse (dícese de los edificios)

he settled into the chair: se arrellanó en la silla

3) : instalarse (en una casa), establecerse (en una ciudad o región)

4)

to settle down : calmarse, tranquilizarse

settle down!: ¡tranquilízate!, ¡cálmate!

5)

to settle down : sentar cabeza, hacerse sensato

to marry and settle down: casarse y sentar cabeza

settle vt

1) arrange, decide: fijar, decidir, acordar (planes, etc.)

2) resolve: resolver, solucionar

to settle an argument: resolver una discusión

3) pay: pagar

to settle an account: saldar una cuenta

4) calm: calmar (los nervios), asentar (el estómago)

5) colonize: colonizar

6)

to settle oneself : acomodarse, hacerse cómodo

settle

n.

• banco largo s.m.

v.

• calmar v.

• colocar v.

• colonizar v.

• establecer v.

• liquidar v.

• poblar v.

• posar v.

• radicarse v.

• resolver v.

• sedimentar v.

• serenar v.

• situar v.

• sosegar v.

• transigir v.

'setḷ
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) \<\<price/terms/time\>\> acordar*, fijar

it's all been settled, we're going to Miami — ya está (todo) decidido or arreglado, nos vamos a Miami

that's settled then, we'll meet at seven — bueno, pues entonces ya está, nos vemos a las siete

that settles it: I never want to see him again — ya no me cabe duda: no lo quiero volver a ver

b) ( resolve) \<\<dispute/problem\>\> resolver*, solucionar

they settled their differences — resolvieron sus diferencias

c) ( put an end to) \<\<foolishness/nonsense\>\> (colloq) acabar con

that should settle him! — así aprenderá!

2) \<\<bill/account\>\> pagar*; \<\<debt\>\> saldar, liquidar

3) \<\<country/region\>\> colonizar*, poblar*

4) ( make comfortable) \<\<patient/child\>\> poner* cómodo

she settled herself deep in the sofa — se arrellanó en el sofá

5) ( make calm) \<\<child\>\> calmar; \<\<doubts\>\> disipar; \<\<stomach\>\> asentar*

2.

vi

1) ( come to live) establecerse*, afincarse*

they settled in Iowa — se establecieron or se afincaron en Iowa

2) ( become calm) \<\<person\>\> tranquilizarse*, calmarse

3)

a) ( make oneself comfortable) ponerse* cómodo

I settled deeper into the armchair — me arrellané or me puse cómodo en el sillón

b) \<\<bird\>\> posarse

4)

a) \<\<dust\>\> asentarse*; \<\<snow\>\> cuajar

b) ( sink) \<\<soil/foundations\>\> asentarse*; \<\<sediment\>\> depositarse, precipitarse

5)

a) ( pay) saldar la cuenta (or la deuda etc), pagar*

you can settle with me tomorrow — podemos arreglar las cuentas mañana

b) ( Law)

to settle out of court — resolver* una disputa extrajudicialmente, transar extrajudicialmente (AmL)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- settle back

- settle down

- settle for

- settle in

- settle into

- settle on

- settle up

I ['setl]
1. VT

1) (=resolve) [+ dispute, problem] resolver

several points remain to be settled — quedan varios puntos por resolver

the result was settled in the first half — el resultado se decidió en el primer tiempo

to settle a case or claim out of court — llegar a un acuerdo sin recurrir a los tribunales

the terms were settled by negotiation — se acordaron las condiciones mediante una negociación

settle it among yourselves! — ¡arregladlo entre vosotros!

so that's settled then — así que ya está decidido

it's all settled - we're going in June — ya está decidido - nos vamos en junio

that settles it! - you're not going — ¡no hay más que hablar! or ¡pues ya está! - tú te quedas

the couple have settled their differences — la pareja ha resuelto sus diferencias

2) (=make comfortable) [+ person] poner cómodo, acomodar

to settle an invalid for the night — poner cómodo or acomodar a un enfermo para que duerma (por la noche)

to get (sb) settled: I'd just got the baby settled when... — acababa de acostar al bebé cuando...

it took a long time to get settled in our new home — nos costó mucho instalarnos en la nueva casa

to settle o.s. — ponerse cómodo, acomodarse

she settled herself at the desk — se puso cómoda or se acomodó delante de la mesa

3) (=place) [+ object] colocar; [+ gaze] posar

4) (=colonize) [+ land] colonizar

5) (=calm) [+ nerves] calmar, sosegar; [+ doubts] disipar, desvanecer; [+ stomach] asentar

6) (=pay) [+ bill] pagar; [+ debt] saldar, liquidar

7) (=put in order) [+ affairs] poner en orden

to settle one's affairs — poner en orden sus asuntos

8) * (=deal with) [+ person]

I'll soon settle him — ya me encargaré de ponerlo en su sitio *

that settled him — con eso se le acabó la tontería *

9) (Jur) asignar

to settle sth on sb — asignar algo a algn

2. VI

1) (=establish o.s.) (in a house) instalarse; (in a country) establecerse; [first settlers] establecerse

she visited Paris in 1974 and eventually settled there — visitó París en 1974 y finalmente decidió establecerse allí

2) (=come to rest) [bird, insect] posarse; [dust] asentarse; [snow] cuajar

a deep gloom had settled on the party — un profundo pesimismo se había apoderado del grupo

my eyes settled on her immediately — al momento mi mirada se fijó en ella

3) (=sink) [sediment] depositarse; [building] asentarse

the boat slowly settled in the mud — poco a poco el bote se hundió en el barro

4) (=separate) [liquid] reposar

5) (=get comfortable) (in chair) arrellanarse; (in new job, routine) adaptarse, establecerse

he settled deeper into the cushions — se arrellanó entre los cojines

I couldn't settle to anything — no me podía concentrar en nada, no lograba ponerme a hacer nada

6) (=calm down) [weather] estabilizarse, asentarse; [conditions, situation] volver a la normalidad, normalizarse; [nerves] calmarse; dust 1., 1)

7) (=reach an agreement) llegar a un acuerdo or arreglo

they settled with us for £12,000 — lo arreglamos extrajudicialmente y nos pagaron 12.000 libras

8) (=pay)

I'll settle with you on Friday — te pagaré el viernes, ajustaremos cuentas el viernes

- settle down

- settle for

- settle in

- settle on

- settle up

II

['setl]
N banco m, escaño m (a veces con baúl debajo)
* * *
['setḷ]
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) \<\<price/terms/time\>\> acordar*, fijar

it's all been settled, we're going to Miami — ya está (todo) decidido or arreglado, nos vamos a Miami

that's settled then, we'll meet at seven — bueno, pues entonces ya está, nos vemos a las siete

that settles it: I never want to see him again — ya no me cabe duda: no lo quiero volver a ver

b) ( resolve) \<\<dispute/problem\>\> resolver*, solucionar

they settled their differences — resolvieron sus diferencias

c) ( put an end to) \<\<foolishness/nonsense\>\> (colloq) acabar con

that should settle him! — así aprenderá!

2) \<\<bill/account\>\> pagar*; \<\<debt\>\> saldar, liquidar

3) \<\<country/region\>\> colonizar*, poblar*

4) ( make comfortable) \<\<patient/child\>\> poner* cómodo

she settled herself deep in the sofa — se arrellanó en el sofá

5) ( make calm) \<\<child\>\> calmar; \<\<doubts\>\> disipar; \<\<stomach\>\> asentar*

2.

vi

1) ( come to live) establecerse*, afincarse*

they settled in Iowa — se establecieron or se afincaron en Iowa

2) ( become calm) \<\<person\>\> tranquilizarse*, calmarse

3)

a) ( make oneself comfortable) ponerse* cómodo

I settled deeper into the armchair — me arrellané or me puse cómodo en el sillón

b) \<\<bird\>\> posarse

4)

a) \<\<dust\>\> asentarse*; \<\<snow\>\> cuajar

b) ( sink) \<\<soil/foundations\>\> asentarse*; \<\<sediment\>\> depositarse, precipitarse

5)

a) ( pay) saldar la cuenta (or la deuda etc), pagar*

you can settle with me tomorrow — podemos arreglar las cuentas mañana

b) ( Law)

to settle out of court — resolver* una disputa extrajudicialmente, transar extrajudicialmente (AmL)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- settle back

- settle down

- settle for

- settle in

- settle into

- settle on

- settle up

English-spanish dictionary > settle

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the question of where to live

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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the question of where to live

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